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| 351 | The paper presents a brief overview of the semasiological and onomasiological approaches to the study of possession in Russian and Western linguistic tradition. The paper discusses morphological, syntactic and morphosyntactic ways of expressing possession in the dialects of Selkup and covers various semantic types of possessive constructions. The Selkup dialects mark the distinction between alienable and inalienable possession. Keywords: possession, Selkup, possessive constructions, possessive suffixes, alienable/inalienable possession | 2022 | |||||
| 352 | In this paper, we have studied the intonation of the Altai language spoken by the native Altai people living in the Altai Republic, Russia. The frame of our work was the Altai-kizhi folk narrative stories. We focused only on declarative statements. The results obtained were compared with the ones given by our primary study, where the interrogative intonation of the same folk texts was under consideration. In our works, we rely on the auditive and computer (Praat) analysis. So, the unique intonation features of the folk statements with action propositions were found out. Firstly, when describing the fundamental frequency (f0) patterns, f0 maxima of an utterance were found on the syllables of words which are the information focus of an utterance or belong to the folk clichés. Secondly, we studied the relevant literature on the linguistics of folk texts and followed the folklore composition structure when sorting the statements for the further analysis. The typical folklore text is structured as follows: beginning–plot development–ending; intonation variations are most significant in the plot development part, beginning and ending being more invariant. Generally, the Altai folklore statements are characterized by rising-falling or falling intonation. To conclude, not only the intonation of the folk statement with f0 marking the folk clichés reveals its text position, but propositions realized in the speech of the Altai-kizhi speakers as well. Keywords: intonation, the Altai language, metatext, the Altai folk, f0 contours, PRAAT | 2021 | |||||
| 353 | The article deals with the documentary reconstruction of the family tree of the famous Khakass archeologist and historian Leonid Romanovich Kyzlasov (1924–2007), whose centenary will be celebrated in the Republic of Khakassia in 2024. The seok (an ethnic lineage) of the Kyzlasovs is called “tag-kharga” and formed the Ulus Dalnekarga of the Steppe Duma of the united heterogeneous tribes in the 19th century. Although there are oral traditions about the origin of the Kyzlasovs, the genealogical information, which is based on historical sources such as church records, censuses, and name lists, has not yet been scientifically verified. The object of the study is the biological family tree of L. R. Kyzlasov, and the subject is the archival and documentary reconstruction of its patrilineal part. The source base of the research was the collections of such archives as the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the National Archive of the Republic of Khakassia, the Archive in Minusinsk, the Manuscript Fund of the Khakassian Research Institute of Language, Literature and History and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. For the first time, unique archival documents on the genealogy of the Kyzlasovs are brought into the scientific discourse: according to the Ust-Yes Evdokim Church, a metrical record of 1897 on the birth/baptism of R. A. Kyzlasov, information from the last three censuses of the Dalnekarga genus of the Sagai Steppe Duma for 1832, 1850 and 1858, as well as the facts of the baptism of representatives of the genus in 1854. In the course of genealogical research, an examination of the Kyzlasovs’ family tree schemes was carried out, which were drawn up by several informants based on oral traditions and written documents. The critical analysis of these genealogical materials shows that their information potential requires careful scientific examination, including archival primary sources. The further study of the Kyzlasov family tree will be devoted to the complex genetic and genealogical verification of the data by testing the DNA of the Y chromosome of modern male representatives of the genus. In this way, it will be possible to determine the haplogroup of Kyzlasovs (a genetic genus) and, consequently, to deepen the phylogenetic line of seok “tag-kharga” for thousands of years with the assignment of a family branch on the universal human family tree. Keywords: the metrical book, Kyzlasovs, genealogy, National Archive of the Republic of Khakassia, Dalnekarga genus, population census, seok, family tree | 2017 | |||||
| 354 | Complexes of stone pieces and products of its knapping are found on settlement sites of the Lower Tom river basin. These artifacts are a meaningful source of knowledge about the economy of the ancient inhabitants of the lower reaches of the river Tom in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Over the past few decades, a number of settlement and burial complexes of this period have been discovered and partially investigated. But there is still no holistic scheme for the development of flintknapping by the ancient population in the Neolithic and Bronze Age in the territory of the Lower Tom river basin. At the same time, the information potential of the colossal volume of materials accumulated by previous researchers has not been fully disclosed. One of the possible solutions to this complex of problems is a comparative analysis of stone pieces and products of its knapping from various archaeological sites of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages. The use of modern methods of statistical processing of mass archaeological material allows us to solve this problem by determining the occurrence of various signs in the studied categories of artifacts. The combined use of morphological typology and statistical analysis in the scientific literature is called the attributive approach. The primary result of the study is the allocation of approach significant characteristics of the stone industry of the Samuska III settlement. This information, obtained by statistical analysis of the stone industry, allows you to create a starting point in building a regional scheme for the development of stone knapping technology in the Neolithic and Bronze Age in the territory of the Lower Tom river basin. Highlighted characteristic features of this industry will be used as the basis for subsequent comparative and analytical activities. The presence of certain products in the materials from the Samuska III settlement in conjunction with the results obtained allows us to conduct full-scale experiments and technological modeling of the process of stone knapping to verify the results of analytical procedures. This fact actualizes a number of problems on the study of the Stone Age of the river basin Tom. Keywords: Samus, Tom, Paleometall, pre-Andron Period, microliths, industry, analysis, statistics, attribute | 2014 | |||||
| 355 | The article deals with spiritual traditions and everyday regulations of the bezpopovtsy (priestless) Old-Believers of the Ust-Tsilemsky district of the Komi Republic. At all times of the Old Belief development family was the main institute where the religious personality was formed, here the most important foundation of behavior and culture were laid. Family was accumulated folk knowledge and ensured their transmitting. The specifics of formation, preservation and evolution of the family traditions directed to education of the religious personality, unity of family and community, consolidation of ethnokofessional group in general are defined. The most important symbols of the Old-Believers culture – books, icons and the attitude of members of household towards them are in detail described and analyzed. Special attention is paid for a role and value of ethnic traditions in family life. Keywords: Russian conservatives, Ust-Tsilma, traditions, custom, book, family, icons, prayers | 2013 | |||||
| 356 | The paper presents 19 new etymologies and 1 addition to an existing etymology that bring together Samoyedic languages with Evenki. In most cases they presuppose borrowing from Evenki or some its earlier form into Proto-Samoyedic or separate Samoyedic languages, especially Nganasan; 2 etymologies propose borrowing into Evenki from a Samoyedic dialect close to Tundra Nenets. The etymologies under discussion are: TM sōl- ‘mix’ > ? PS *sVl- > *tålå- > Ngan tolu- ‘be mixed’; Ev. kawri(kī) > ? Nen. χăŕei̯, En. koriˀo, Ngan. kəriˀə ‘pole for driving reindeer’; Ev. malŋa ~ PSS məlkə ‘hornless reindeer’; Ev. mə̄ nə̄ - > ? Nen. meneq-, Ngan. mintə- ‘live settled, without wandering’; Ev. čātā > Ngan. satu ‘clay’, En. seδuo, seδui, Ngan. satüə ‘live coals’; Ev. kirka ~ En. kirkaa, Ngan. kirkaˀa ‘short-wooled dog’; Ev. ebej > Nen. abej, En. aboj etc., Ngan əbəj ‘exclamation of fright; frightful; powerful’; Ev. kiri ‘dirt; disgusting’ > ? Ngan. kur ‘rubbish’, kir ‘fly’; Ev. ūďa > Ngan. ŋuə(ďəə) ‘trace, footprint’; Ev. nika > Ngan. ńükü ‘little one’; Ev. činə ‘tree disease, witches’ broom’ > Ngan. sənə (huaa) ‘(tree) with a bare trunk and a thick crown’; Ev. hońo, həńə > Ngan. hoj ‘chink’; Ev. činə-kə̄ > ? Selk. suə̑ nə̠ , En. sanike, Ngan. soni̮, sonali̮ə ‘seagull’; Ev. ūkə̄ ŋ > ? En. uxo-seri, Ngan. uku-ďari̮ ‘loon’; Ev. ugučak ‘saddle reindeer’ > Ngan. uučakə ‘saddle’; Ev. ulikta > Ngan. uľikta ‘dried meat’; Ev. uŋtrə(wūn) ‘shaving-brush’ > ? Selk. umtə/untə ‘beard’, Ev. ude, Ngan. untiə ‘pubis’; Ev. -mō > Ngan. -mə, emphatic suffix; Ev. lamba ‘spoon, scoop etc.’ Nen. lămba; Ev. ďēlar ‘white (reindeer)’ ? North-Sam. jälä ‘day; bright’ Keywords: etymology, Samoyedic languages, Tungusic languages, Evenki, Nganasan, Enets, Nenets | 2012 | |||||
| 357 | This paper deals with common linguistic features of Khanty and Selkup languages, which can be interpreted as contact-induced. On the one hand, Khanty and Selkup languages were in a situation of quite a long and stable interaction. On the other hand, each of these languages is characterized by a high degree of dialect divergency, and local variants of both languages in demonstrate a higher degree of interference of linguistic systems. Thus, instances of contact-induced changes are stratified depending on whether they represent a more archaic stratum, being attested in all varieties of Khanty and Selkup, or later contact-driven innovations with a limited areas of distribution. In the paper Selkup data is compared to the data of other Samoyed languages. On the one hand, the comparison shows that Khanty always should be regarded as a donor language, and Selkup - as a recipient language. On the other hand, a comparison of Eastern Khanty dialects with Southern and Northern Khanty dialects one can suspect a "conservative" areal influence on Eastern Khanty, wchich resulted in the retaintion of a number of archaic linguistic features lost by other dialects. Within the domain of phonology the following instances of interference can be distinguished: 1. Phenomena common to the Khanty and Selkup: Consonant systems; Restrictions on the vocalism of later syllables; Paradigmatic ablaut; 2. Phenomena peculiar to the Selkup and Eastern dialects of the Khanty: Vowel systems; "Labialized consonants"; Secondary Selkup vowel harmony 3. Phenomena peculiar to individual dialects of Selkup and Eastern dialects of Khanty: Secondary "Narym" vowel harmony. Keywords: the Khanty language, the Selkup language, language contact, linguistic interference, dialectology, phonology | 2010 | |||||
| 358 | The article is devoted to the description of the peculiarities of the pronominal deixis in one of the less studied dialects of the Komi-Permyak language, which is disconnected from the basic ethnic massif and experiences a strong influence of surrounding Russian dialects. The paper considers the morphological structure and usage of personal and intensifying personal pronouns. The main research objective is to examine the features of declension and case inflection, to reveal variability and innovations in the inflection paradigm of personal and intensifying personal pronouns. The article introduces new dialect data, which can become an additional source for comparative historical research on the Komi proforms and of the Permian pronouns system in general. In addition, the analyzed language data will allow making certain conclusions about the development of the system of pronouns in the dialects, which have a transitional character and has been affected by the strong Russian contact influence. The empirical base of the research includes language data collected by the author in the course of the dialectological expeditions to the Kirov Permian communities between 2002–2012. Linguistic data are analyzed and interpreted in the context of the Komi language dialectic landscape. Keywords: the Komi language, the Komi-Permian language, the Upper-Kama dialect, Kirov Permians, dialectology, morphology, pronoun | 2002 | |||||
| 359 | The paper deals with the intergenerational transmission of six minority languages in India, three Indo-Aryan languages, viz. Kumaoni (state of Uttarakhand), Kullui (state of Himachal Pradesh), Western Marwari (state of Rajasthan) and three Munda languages, viz. Sora, Remo and Gutob (state of Odisha). None of these languages has an official status or standardized written form, all of them are used almost exclusively for oral communication, poorly described and, to one degree or another, endangered. The data come from sociolinguistic surveys conducted by the authors in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Odisha in 2014–2018. One of the tasks during the sociolinguistic study in the areas of the above-mentioned minority languages was to identify the main factors of the intergenerational transmission loss. We claim that the modern education policies in India are one of the main factors disrupting language transmission. School education is conducted in the state official languages, and minority languages are not involved in it. Speaking minor languages is restricted by teachers at school, while the importance of the official languages is imposed on children. We note also the facts that the social level depends directly on the results of school exams and that Indian education is highly directive and excludes any dialogue. All of the above causes a great stress for students and their families. In this regard, parents try to protect their children from problems of mastering the language of education, and prefer not to speak with them in their native languages. Another major factor contributing to the negative image of native languages are linguistic prejudices taught in India as part of the school curriculum. This includes the division of idioms into languages (official languages) and dialects (minority languages), fixing the concept of “native language” for the official state language, the idea that the language should have a script on an original basis that differs from the scripts of other languages etc. Special attention is paid to such a phenomenon of India’s reality as linguistic discrimination of people from tribal (“untouchable” in Hindu tradition) ethnic groups within the school. In addition to the education system problems in India, the authors mention attempts to solve them by initiatives of language activists and the government. A number of measures to promote multilingual education are included in the MultiLingual Education (MLE) program, which is currently the most widely adopted in the state of Odisha. Considering structure and functioning of the MLE program in Odisha we discuss the possibility of its application in other regions. Keywords: sociolinguistics, endangered languages, language vitality, Indian languages, Indo-Aryan languages, Munda languages, multilingual education | 2000 | |||||
| 360 | This article on examples of Shor heroic legends explores concepts such as soul (tyn) and power (küš), which have both positive and negative characters epic. The soul understand by Shor People as eternal origin, giving the body lives and capable, separated from him, exist independently. The results of the study found that soul and power arecalled "clean" (aryġ), in relation to the heroes regardless of their role in the epic, positive or negative. In addition, it turned out that the epic power of the main epic hero is stored not just in weapons but also in armor and other items, but the power of the negative character may be in the animal (cat) or the knifeskestik. Lost alyp power and soul restored various magical ways: reception inside (grass-cow parsnip, threejoint herb, egg, water), through the return of personal items (armour, lash), committing any actions (musical trumpet- pyrġa, injection in the mouth). Preserved in the epic beliefs and views associated with the notion of soul and power, reveals that they are identical. Lost force alyp necessarily loses his soul. Keywords: Shor people heroic epics, warrior soul and power, stollen and return of soul | 1995 | |||||
| 361 | The use of possession in Southern Selkup can be divided in adnominal and predicative possession. In adnominal possession the possessor can be either a noun or a pronoun, the construction is usually head final. If the possessor is encoded pronominally, it can be marked with pronouns, possessive suffixes or a combination of the two. As in other Samoyedic languages possessive suffixes in Southern Selkup are also used to express non-possessive meaning. Predicative possession is essentially based on existential constructions as no habeo-verb exists in Southern Selkup; mostly nominative and locative constructions are in use. Keywords: Southern Selkup, possession, possessive constructions | 1994 | |||||
| 362 | The article analyzes the methods used in translating verses by the Russian poet S. Yesenin into Livvi Karelian. What adds relevance to the topic is that the original text and the translations are compared with reference to the literary system of the Karelian language, shaped by a long life in the absence of a script. The figurative-semantic, contextual, and systemically subject-based approaches integrated within a holistic comparative-contrastive analysis raise the problem of the “translatable/untranslatable”, which many scholars have addressed. The theoretical background for this study is the works of L. S. Barkhudarov, M. Yu. Ilyushkina, Ya. I. Retsker. The article has analyzed the translations of S. A. Yesenin’s poetic works by Livvi Karelian poets V. E. Brendoev, A. L. Volkov and Z. T. Dubinina. The absence of studies of a similar kind on this subject constitutes the scientific novelty of the paper. One of the challenges for this study is the difficulty of translating poetic texts, since Karelian speech is metaphorical, often with no match to be found in Russian. There are four types of transformations that translators use the most: transposition (change of word order within sentences), substitution (compensation, antonymic translation), omission, and addition. In making a translation, the authors try to keep in mind at least three aspects: precision, accuracy, and adequacy. It is a matter of key concern for theory, critique, and practice. Analysis of the translations has demonstrated that the poets-translators of Yesenin’s works into Livvi Karelian V. E. Brendoev, A. L. Volkov and Z. T. Dubinina have made use of all the above methods, the most frequent choice being substitution. V. E. Brendoev added an ethnic component to his translations, thus making the poem as close to a Karelian reader as possible. A. L. Volkov was the most precise in rendering the Russian poet’s style, while Z. T. Dubinina has reworked the imaged profoundly. The results of this study can be used when preparing lecture courses on translation theory, stylistics, specialized Karelian language courses. Keywords: translation, poetry, Karelian language, literature of Karelia, methods, transliteration, S. A. Yesenin, lyrics | 1992 | |||||
| 363 | The phenomenon of polyculturalism according to the archeological data is represented with a different degree of authenticity at several levels (burial, planographic, subject-related, ritual). In the Early Iron Age, on the territory of the forest steppe of Ob Region, interaction of the population of various origins is most vividly illustrated by multi-grave burial mounds of the Bystrovka necropolis (Bystrovka- 1, 2, 3) dated from no later than the last quarter of 1000 BC with the help of radiocarbon (year-ring) methods. The well-dated tombs from large Upper Ob necropolises, which were used for a considerable time in the Early Iron Age, provide important information for the historical reconstruction of various archaeological cultures. The total number of buried individuals, who lived in this area over the last quarter of the 1st millennium BC, is sufficient for a reliable representation of cultural interrelations that took place during the terminal period of the Early Iron Age in the forest-steppe Ob Basin. Keywords: Early Iron Age, forest steppe Ob Region, polyculturalism, scientific dating methods | 1990 | |||||
| 364 | The article, which is the first in the series on the topic, presents the results of the expeditions undertaken in 2016 to the Udmurts of Western Siberia. Based on the data collected, trends in the development of the ethno-cultural and linguistic situation in the region (Chainskiy district of Tomsk oblast) have been revealed, the current state of the national Udmurt culture and language have been described. The Udmurts, who migrated to the region following the Stolypin reform in 1910–1912, retained their ethnic identity for long, despite having few or no contacts with the main ethnic group in Udmurtia. The data obtained indicate that the use of the Udmurt language is decreasing: children, adolescents, young people (under the age of 40) do not speak Udmurt and do not know their ‘native’ culture. However, the efforts of both the local administration and enthusiastic residents have been reviving interest in the native language and culture among the population of the Udmurt settlements in Siberia. Keywords: The Udmurts, Tomsk oblast, culture, language, expedition materials | 1990 | |||||
| 365 | This paper continues a series of publications that report the results oftechnical and technological analysis of ceramics from the Early Iron Age monuments of the Tomsk Ob Region, which are attributed to Shelomok and Tomsk variants of the Kulay cultural and historical community. Fragments of ceramics have been taken for analysis from the Shelomok I burial ground, Kizhirovo and Samus II settlements. The results of analysis demonstrate both similarities and differences in the choice of raw materials and the preparation of molding compounds. For example, the addition of granite gruss with white and transparent quartz inclusions to the pottery paste was typical of Shelomok II settlement (Pletneva, Stepanova, 2018), while the pottery paste from the burial ground included granite with red (pink) quartz inclusions. These monuments are located nearby, at a distance of 500 m away from each other, in the same natural environment. Perhaps, the materials of the burial ground reflect the complex cultural processes of the early Iron Age that took place in the Tomsk Ob region and record the arrival of the population from the Achinsk-Mariinsky district of tagar culture. Keywords: technical and technological analysis of ceramics, burial ground, settlement, archeology | 1989 | |||||
| 366 | Describing culture-specific vocabulary is an important and at the same time rather challenging part of lexicographic work. In particular, this concerns making dictionaries of minority languages that are considered to be endangered. As a rule, these languages are understudied and not sufficiently documented, which complicates presentation of ethnocultural realia to a greater extent. One of such languages is Ket, an endangered language spoken by a small number of people residing in the north of Krasnoyarsk province. The present article describes the main problems related to presenting ethnocultural material that were encountered in the course of making the Comprehensive Ket dictionary. Among them are 1) cultural differences in categorization of extralinguistic reality, 2) presentation of ethnocultural c information in a dictionary entry, 3) loss of ethnocultural knowledge in the language community. Keywords: Ket, minority languages, endangered languages, Siberian languages, lexicography, ethnocultural vocabulary, dictionary | 1987 | |||||
| 367 | The problem of axiological preferences of the Finno-Ugric ethnic group (Mordvinian) against cultural peculiarities of German ethnic group as exemplified in the folk tales is discussed. In the tale reality the axiological norms function as an ideal model of a person that has to stabilize the given type of the society. The guides and differences in the basic maxims of nationally marked axiological system of Mordvinian and German community are defined. Similarities are defined by close connection to the nature, the forest, special love to the tree (the oak). Specific features are embodied in the different world perception. For the Mordvinian people the forest is positively depicted because the forest, the nature, the person mean the life and the shelter from the disaster and the evil. German people take the forest as bearing hostility and even fatal danger. Syncretism in Mordvinian thinking brings syncretism in language categories and defines the person as not separated out from the outside forces. But in the German mentality autonomy of the individual who makes decisions himself confirms as the social value that is a condition of the happy life. The German tale creates the axiological model in which the person is a free individual not lacking in creation as an individual is in the fullness of existence. Axiological model of the Mordvinian tale is implemented in the idea about some force which includes magic that rules reality, can punish for unkind acts and reward for dignified behavior. Orientation of the person’s activity depends on preferences, meanings and existence values that although change from one epoch to another but are established by the traditions of ethnical communities. Keywords: axiological system of the ethnical group, ambivalence, folk tale, world view, language categories, axiological preferences, program of the action | 1981 | |||||
| 368 | The article is devoted to the description of the structure types of the predicate in one of the Manchu-Tungus languages. Types of predicates in the Orok language are distinguished on the basis of structure and component composition, the qualification of grammatical units of which is closely related to the peculiarities of the verb forms in the Russian and Manchu-Tungus languages, as well as to the questions of the verbal derivation in these languages. The analysis of the frequency component of the components makes it possible to draw conclusions about the presence of two types of predicate in the Orok language: the simple verbal and compound nominal, the compound verb is not represented. To a simple verb predicate (the carrier of lexical and grammatical meaning is one word or word form), single-component predicates are expressed, expressed by the conjugated form of a verb of any number-person, time and mood; single-component semantically complex predicates, isomorphic to the composite verb of the Russian language; two-component negative predicates expressed by analytical word forms formed with the participation of a conjugated negative verb. Named predicates in the Orok language are always multicomponent and composite, they have at least two lexical units: the purpose of the bundle is to express the predicative categories, and the linking part expresses the main material content of the predicate. In other words, the broadly expressed part of the predicate, neutral with respect to inflection, is the carrier of lexical meaning, the connective is expressed by the conjugated verb - the carrier of grammatical meaning and always takes the position of the absolute end of a sentence. The nominal predicate is represented as compound and complex, the characteristics of each subtype are determined by the semantic status of the grammatical part (existential or modal, phase, aspectual verb) and the grammatical status of the thematic part, which can be expressed by a noun, adjective, adverb (with an existing linkage functioning), participle or possesive construction with supine (with modal, aspectual and phase grammatical component). Potential with an existing bundle are qualified as compound nominal, with modal, phase, aspectual verbs in the grammatical part - as complex. The absence in the Manchu-Tungus languages of forms fully equivalent to the Russian infinitive in functional and semantic aspect determines the impossibility of forming a compound verb predicate, which, by definition, consists of “a personal verb and an infinitive adjoining it” (Akhmanova, 1966: 415). Keywords: Manchu-Tungus languages, Orok language, predicate, structural type, simple verbal, compound nominal, analytical word form, grammatical, syntactic form, part of speech | 1981 | |||||
| 369 | The article is devoted to the contribution of L. M. Pletneva to the comprehensive study of medieval iron production in Western Siberia. For 30 years (1962–1991), L. M. Pletneva conducted extensive field research in the area between the rivers Ob and Tom, during which a vast array of data on iron production were obtained. L. M. Pletneva for the first time in the history of Tomsk archeology paid attention to a specific source as the archaeological metallurgical slag and started to study medieval iron production. She organized a comprehensive study at the archaeological site Shelomok, where for the first time in Siberia, magnetic survey was carried out in 1976, the first metallographic analyzes were made, as well as the first chemical analyzes of slag and ore from different archaeological sites were published. Due to many years of L. M. Pletneva’s research, today we can identify the area between the rivers Ob and Tom as a special region, where medieval population mastered the local iron ore deposits and provided itself with a "precious" and vital metal of the time. Keywords: archeology, iron production, medieval, Western Siberia, Shelomok site, Ob-Tomsk river basin, L. M. Pletneva | 1980 | |||||
| 370 | Personal texts: diaries, autobiographies, and recollections have taken an important place in modern historical studies, including the ethnological ones. Along with the development of micro-historical approaches peculiar attention of the specialists has been paid to personal texts developed by «a small» person, common participant of historical events. This paper analyzes the personal text «A true story about nearest and dearest» written by A. A. Malinovskii, native born in the now vanished Ukrainian village Borokovka (Chesnoki), in Asino District, Tomsk Region. The analysis has been conducted from the point of establishing the family history of the Ukrainian migrants in Siberia. The study has demonstrated that the author included in the family history such migration events kept in memory as moving to a new place, building the village, and territory development. The narration reveals Malinovskii family from various sides: as a migrant family, peasant family and the Ukrainian family. Part of their family history has been taken by the history of their motherland, Chesnoki Village. The personal text «A true story about nearest and dearest» provides opportunity to see a definite person, its author, through the lens of family history. Keywords: family history, personal text, the Ukrainians, migrants, Siberia, village | 1979 | |||||
| 371 | A special place in the national calendar is occupied by church holidays, which were perceived as the landmark in the annual cycle. In this context, the calendar ritualism of the Komi-Zyrians basically repeats the Northern- Russian calendar tradition, and the specific elements of calendar representations are associated with the existence of local traditions. The Vishera Basin (right tributary of the Vychegda) was inhabited by the Komi population from the 16th century, with the history of the Vishera settlement ethnographers associate the beginning of the formation of the entire Uper-Vychegda group of Komi Zyrians. After the formation of the main settlements of the upper Vychegda, the Vishera local tradition developed in a certain isolation, which was also reflected in the specifics of the formation of calendar representations. This article is devoted to calendar ceremonialism of autumn day of Kuzma-Demyan and the occasional hrononim Demyan Bedny connected with this date. Based on own field researches and archival materials, the author reveals a number of the specific moments connected from the studied local tradition. Among them: adaptation to economic activity and the gender "redistribution" which assigned to this autumn date the status of a general female holiday with a feast – bratchina, symbolizing end of agricultural year; the ambivalent attitude towards autumn wealth projected on a regulation of the marriage relations; language attraction between homonyms vo "year" and vo "harvest", "kasyanovy year" and "demyanovy month", which put in the forefront the motives of "poverty and misfortune" corresponding to a hrononim Demyan Bedny. Thus, the name, which obviously accidentally got to a context of calendar representations Demyan Bedny was "predetermined" by a number of the motivations already characteristic of autumn day of Kuzma-Demyan. It allows us to say about existence in the system of tradition of the mechanisms of self-organization defining the general vector of the development from a set of untied and random factors. Keywords: folklore, Komi-zyryane, Komi language, local tradition, folk terminology, chrononyms | 1977 | |||||
| 372 | . | 1973 | |||||
| 373 | This paper focuses on the word order studies in the Central dialects of the Selkup language for two time periods: 1970s – 80s of the 20th century and 2000s of the 21st century. The syntactic changes are analyzed in synchrony and the deviations of the basic word order are established between two diachronic periods. At present there are a few native speakers of the Central dialect group remaining, whose language was assimilated in a certain degree under the dominant influence of the Russian language. The two given variants of the Central Selkup dialects have flexible dominant word order, the deviations of which reflect changes in the information structure of a sentence. Comparing the data of two diachronic periods, the changes that have occurred in the Central dialects of the Selkup language are visible – a shift of the original syntactic structure of the Selkup language towards the syntactic structure of the Russian language SOV ˃ SVO, OV ˃ VO. If the sentence only contains an explicitly expressed subject and predicate, comparison of two diachronic periods doesn’t reveal any change: SV = SV. Direct objects in later texts began to follow the predicate of the sentence, unlike the texts of the 1970s – 80s, where it preceded the predicate. The possible absence of explicit subject or direct object is compensated by the presence of the subjective and objective conjugation of the verb. Keywords: word order, information structure, language shift, Selkup language | 1970 | |||||
| 374 | This paper studies a modern Ukrainian novel using the approach worked out by so-called Memory studies. The use of commemoration in fiction is touched upon as well. The article presents the analyses of the novel “If” written by the famous Ukrainian novelist Iren Rozdobud'ko as a practice of the Soviet Union commemoration. The novel was chosen because of the strong and clear opposition of the Past and the Present that allows treating it as a kind of memory place. The work presented can be used as a basis for further analyses of fiction as a type of commemoration. It’s known that one of the most important types of commemoration is the use of the dates; the choice of the dates can influence much on the perception of the work. So, I. Rozdobud'ko emphases on the several events of the 1980s. They are the Olympic Games 1980 and the very beginning of the Afghanistan conflict. These historic events are presented in opposition: a happy one and a sad one. It should be underlined that the author uses no historic names and concrete dates. The other two events opposed are the cultural ones: the death of Vladimir Vysotskiy and so-called All-Union Saturday. While analyzing the work we have come to the conclusion the commemoration effect is reached by presenting the characters’ emotions and thoughts though their dialogues and the monologues of the main character Veronica. The main character, a thirty year old journalist Veronica Ivchenko found herself in 1980 when she was only seven. She perceived everything happened at the time being adult. It helps her to rethink all the events by the mind of an adult person. That leads her to the conclusion that the beginning of the Afghanistan conflict was more important for the people than the Olympic Game, the death of V. Vysotskiy shocked the society, but nobody remembered about the All-Union Saturday. We would like to note that the “entertaining material” used by I. Rozdobud'ko allowed to expose the moral degradation reasons of the modern society in the former Soviet Union countries in the early twenty-first century. Keywords: Memory studies, “places of memory”, commemoration, the collective memory | 1967 | |||||
| 375 | Modern processes of globalization are accelerating the threat of the disappearance of the languages of the indigenous peoples of the North. In today's conditions of active development of bi — and polylinguism, the problem of preserving and developing the endangered languages of the Northern peoples is particularly relevant. In these circumstances, it is necessary to take advantage of favorable opportunities for proficiency in two or more languages. The article describes a fragment of a collective speech portrait of children in the context of two — (poly)paganism. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the work of linguists devoted to the problems of speech portrait, language personality. The material is based on the results of research conducted in 3 regions of the Russian Federation where representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East live: Evens, Evenks, Dolgans, Nenets, Khanty, Selkups etc. A total of 253 respondents were included in the study, representing three groups: students, teachers, and parents. When creating a fragment of a speech portrait, sociocultural, sociolinguistic, psycho-logical, and ethnolinguistic factors affecting the development of children's oral and written speech were identified. The analysis of audio recordings of oral speech (dialogic and monological statements) and written works is carried out. For the most complete description of the speech portrait, an integrated approach was used involving socio-psychological characteristics, descriptions of speech levels of oral and written speech (based on the use of various syntactic constructions) and features of speech communication in the family, school, and with friends. The choice of an integrated approach is justified by the fact that it contributes to the presentation of a speech portrait that reflects a unique picture of children's speech behavior in various communicative situations. Keywords: native languages, indigenous peoples of the North, oral and written speech, speech portrait, bilingualism, multilingualism | 1964 | |||||
| 376 | This article considers the oral stories as a part of the ethno-cultural component of the Buryat folklore. Also, the ethno-cultural constituents are revealed in their composition. Based on the analysis of the oral prose of the local ethnic group of the Buryats recorded during the expedition to the Evenki Khoshun of Inner Mongolia of the PRC, the historical and ethnographic data, traditional folk worldview and religious ideas, ritual elements were described. The fictional prose of the Chinese Buryats contains historical information from the participants of the past events about the development of new lands by the settlers, among which the issues of survival and self-preservation were important. After cleaning up and tidying up the abandoned territory and some settler activities, independent work began to organize healthcare and educational process for children. It is concluded that during the initial period of social adaptation of migrants, there is an attempt to isolate themselves in a certain way in relation to the title nation of the host country, neighboring ethnicities and peoples. Their everyday life is characterized by closeness, minimal openness to the host society, and lack of integration into the overall Chinese economic development process on a large scale. At the same time, good relations are maintained with the Russian population living next door, as the Buryats consider themselves and the Russians living in China to be children of the same cradle – Russia. In the oral tales of the Chinese Buryats, the presence of the Buddhist ethno-cultural component generally determines their religious consciousness. At the same time, one can trace pre-Buddhist relics, shamanistic components of this consciousness related to the worship of the sky, fire, water, and sun. The funeral rite and obit are dominated only by Tibetan-Buddhist rituals and actions. It was concluded that in the oral prose of the Chinese Buryats, syncretism of the two beginnings in their cult notions is observed: the prevailing adherence to the Buddhist faith and the preservation of elements of ancient mythological views. Keywords: oral stories, Chinese Buryats, historical memory, traditions, customs, rites, religious consciousness | 1959 | |||||
| 377 | This article gives view of syntactic, morphological and semantic features of denominal l’-forms inNorthern Selkup and touches upon the problem of their part of speech categorization. The research isbased on the data of the Northern Selkup corpus being created at Hamburg University in Germany ofthe archive of A. I. Kuzmina (collected in 1961–1977s). The corpus data showed that denominal l’-forms in Northern Selkup represent a kind of «mixed category» (the term of C. Lefebvre andP. Muysken), retaining adjectival and nominal properties in its syntax and morphology. These formsperform not only the attributive function in the sentence, but can be also used like core nouns as a directobject, subject, part of postpositional phrase and can be a head of the nominal phrase, modified by anattribute. Sometimes, followed by another noun in nominative, they form a kind of coordination. Thedetailed analysis of the morphological structure of denominal l’-forms allowed to establish that themarker -l’ is there a kind of inflexion (not derivation) and can combine with nominal derivational suffixes,case and number suffixes. In the paper an attempt was made to explain the semantic function ofthe marker -l’ in «nominal» usages of l’-forms. Thus a short distributional overview of l’-forms in «nominal» functions was given to check and, finally, to exclude the possibility of additional effect of definitenessof the denoted referent. In addition to the grammatical research some sociolinguistic data on«nominal» usages of l’-forms in the Northern Selkup corpus are specified to mark several native speakersof the corpus in whose speech there was a tendency to use l’-forms instead of core nouns. Keywords: отыменные прилагательные, селькупский язык, северные диалекты, корпус, синтаксис, морфология, часть речи, флексия, деривация | 1958 | |||||
| 378 | According to physiographic region defining, the Lower Ket region belongs to the middle taiga zone of the right Bank of the Ob River. Its features are: strong swampiness, predominance of dark coniferous forests and podzolic type of soil. Natural and climatic conditions influenced the cultural development of the population living here. In archaeological terms the downstream Ket region is studied insufficiently. The need to study of the late Middle Aged monuments of the region was dictated by the problem of the origin of the southern Selkups, and their local dialect groups. Yoltyrevskaya Kurgan group I was discovered by V.E. Dobychin in 1963, and first investigated in 2008. The article considers the problems of chronology, cultural and ethnic origin of the late Middle Age population, the one who left this burial ground. The group consists of 10 mounds. Mound № 1 is excavated. The remains of three disturbed burials were discovered under the mound: an individual 18–22 years old and two children 3–5 and 7–9 years old. The original burial was performed on a burnt ground, in a wooden frame-lining. Judging by the surviving bones of the skeleton, the deceased was buried in an extended position, on his back, head to the southwest. Among the inventory is clay molding vessels, with a continuous ornamentation of the wall with a toothed print, cross-shaped lining, buttons made of beads, knife, and arrowhead. Perhaps, with the re-burial of children (only the lower jaws were found), to the mound the initial burial was disturbed. The inventory and ceramic tableware allow dating the burial to the XVI – the beginning of the XVII century. Analogues of the material complex and the rite are known from the Selkup burial mounds of this period in the Narym Ob region. The site was left by one of the Selkup groups settled in the lower reaches of the Ket River Keywords: Ket, Yoltyrevskaya Kurgan group I, burial, later Middle Ages, Selkup | 1956 | |||||
| 379 | The article is devoted to such a topical and controversial phenomenon as national character. The article examines the development of the concept of national character during the existence of “culture and personality” school. The main problematic of the concept was connected with its validity and application not only within the framework of cultural anthropology, but also in sociology and psychology. During the early “culture and personality” school (1927–1945) E. Sapir and R. Benedict laid the foundations of the school, as well as the main directions of the methodological development of the concept — such approaches as the “basic personality structure” by A. Kardiner and “modal personality” by K. Du Bois, the problem of research of a national character in the context of the reliability of the results and work with complex social structures and nations in general is raised. Within the framework of the early period, the influence of the Second World War on the development of the concept of national character is shown and the reasons for the demand for research within the framework of the national character are indicated. In the later period of the school's activity (1946–1969), there is an increase in criticism from sociologists and psychologists not only of a national character, but also of “culture and personality” approach for the lack of empirical data. During this period, special attention is paid to the development of approaches that study the personal characteristics of representatives of nations. At the same time, a methodological basis for cross-cultural research is being formed and the groundwork for creating cross-cultural psychology is being formed. Throughout the article, two waves of criticism of the national character are presented, the result of which in the late 1960s was the denial of the existence of national character by a significant number of scientists as a phenomenon of national life, and “culture and personality” school experienced a crisis and fell into decay. Various assessments of the studies of that time on the development of national character within the framework of the “culture and personality” school are shown, as well as proposals for a way out of the methodological crisis. Keywords: national character, culture and personality, anthropology, modal personality, basic personality structure | 1956 | |||||
| 380 | This paper is the third one within the series of studies devoted to the linguistic situation in the Kolyma-Alazeia tundra, a region of intense ethnic and linguistic contacts, in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The study focuses on Tundra Yukaghirs and the Tundra Yukaghir language, which was in contact with Chukchi, Even, Yakut and Russian. First, we provide a brief historical review on Yukaghirs in the 17–19th centuries, which shows that the region in question became a contact area only since the 18th century. Then, using the literature on the Yukaghir loanwords and our own field data, we consider the phenomena in Tundra Yukaghir that were caused by the influence of other languages of the Kolyma-Alazeia tundra. This overview displays that the number of lexical borrowings in the modern Yukaghir language is the lowest from Chukchi (less than 5), and comprises about 50 words from Even, more than 60 words from Yakut and, finally, more than 150 words from Russian. Based on the various sources (ethnographic literature, eyewitness accounts), we describe the social conditions that accompanied contacts between the representatives of various peoples in the Kolyma-Alazeia tundra. These data are compared with the data on linguistic evidence of the contacts. Contacts with Chukchis in the Kolyma-Alazeia tundra were quite recent, which explains the small number of borrowings in Yukaghir. On the contrary, marital and neighborly ties between Yukaghirs and Evens were very tight (for example, there were mixed Even-Yukaghir clans, and Even-Yukaghir bilingualism was most likely widespread). The relations between Yakuts and Yukaghirs were mainly of a commercial nature (Yakuts possessed valuable products of horse and cattle breeding). Contacts with Russians have ancient history, and in many cases they involved control over the state duties that was exercised by Russians, which indicates the hierarchical nature of these contacts. Thus, the study shows that a large number of borrowings can be explained both by the long-term history and cultural mixing (Evens and Yukaghirs), and the hierarchical nature of the relations between the communities in contact (Yakuts and Yukaghirs, Russians and Yukaghirs). Keywords: Yukaghir languages, Tundra Yukaghir, Yukaghirs, language contact, multilingualism, lexis, loanwords, kinship terms | 1956 | |||||
| 381 | The thematic group of livestock vocabulary in the Turkic and Mongolian languages is an extensive layer of the lexical system of the language. It includes words naming domestic animals and characterizing their sex, age, breed, color, food, body parts, territories, husbandry, and grazing. In the classification system, these words are divided into different semantic subgroups. The richest group consists of the names of animals that express their gender and age characteristics. The relevance of studying this layer of vocabulary arises from the fact that in connection with the development of modern technologies, the once rich composition of livestock vocabulary is narrowing, as a result of which many words have passed into the realm of archaisms, especially the names of horse harnesses. In relation to the horse – the faithful companion of the nomad - the Turkic and Mongolian peoples have developed an extensive network of terms since ancient times. Using the Khakass language as an example, we have shown that compound words are active in this environment, which are represented by the combination of a common name with a determiner, e.g., улуғ мал (cattle), іргек сосха (hog or male pig), ине хой (sheep or Ewe); сібет адай (Pug or Dwarf dog). Certain types of domestic animals are also designated by combining basic terms with adjectives, participles, and substantival nouns. Data from bilingual dictionaries and etymological information on certain terms from the works of famous linguists – typologists – were used as linguistic material on the Mongolian and Turkish languages. Keywords: livestock vocabulary, Khakas, Turkic, Mongolian, languages, semantics, comparison | 1955 | |||||
| 382 | The work is devoted to the study of Mongolian place names in the toponymic system of one of the regions of the Russian Federation – the Republic of Bashkortostan. The study aims to discover in the Bashkir toponymy the geographical names of Mongolian origin to analyze their word formation structure, semantics, origin, and spatial distribution in the districts of the republic. The study is significant for the interpretation of foreign toponyms as it reveals the features of their functioning in the toponymic system of the Southern Urals. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that it makes a short excursion into the study of the Mongolian layer in Bashkir toponymy and, for the first time, presents the etymology of many geographical names formed from oikonymic, oronymic, hydrographic terms, drimonims and ethnonyms of Mongolian origin and tries to systematize them. The study was conducted using descriptive, structural, and comparative-historical methods of toponym analysis, as well as ethnolinguistic reconstruction and lingua-cultural interpretation methods. The analyzed material shows that toponyms of Mongolian origin represent a small layer in Bashkir toponymy. Ethnotoponyms of Mongolian origin in Bashkir toponymy result from the intermingling of Mongolian and Bashkir tribes and clans due to the Mongol conquest. Toponyms of Mongolian origin, formed from geographical terms, characterize Bashkortostan's natural and anthropogenic landscape. Mongolian geographical names are also associated with the common beliefs of Mongolian and Turkic tribes. Keywords: onomastics, toponymy, Bashkir toponymy, ethnotoponymy, Mongolian toponyms, etymology | 1954 | |||||
| 383 | The paper describes means of expressing absence and non-participation in (Maloye Karachkino = Poshkart) Chuvash and (Kubalyak) Bashkir, two Turkic languages of the Volga-Kama Sprachbund. The field data were collected in Bashkortostan (2011–2016) and Chuvash Republic (2017–2019). Additionally, we bring into comparison available data on Tatar from existing grammars, dictionaries, and corpora (and, for some aspects, from native speakers). The presented data reveal that Chuvash, Bashkir, and Tatar use very similar sets of markers to express absence or non-involvement of a participant. In each language, one of the markers (Chuvash ɕok, Bashkir juq, Tatar juk) can be described as a negative existential/possessive copula, another one (Chuvash -SƏr, Bashkir -hEð, Tatar -sEz) functions as a caritive (abessive) suffix. These markers are cognate to each other in all three languages. These markers also have the very similar ranges of basic syntactic positions and semantic functions. Syntactically, the copulas form separate clauses and usually occur as predicates of independent clauses. The caritive markers can be used in different syntactic positions: attributive, adverbial, depictive, or predicative (where they compete with the copulas). Semantically, the copulas express meanings expectable for negative existentials: existential negation proper, presentative locative negation, negation of various types of possession, and ‘no’ reply. The caritive markers express the basic caritive meanings: non-involvement or absence of a companion, of an instrument, of various types of possessees (legal and temporary possessees, body parts, relatives, parameters, etc.). Interestingly, the distribution of affirmative counterparts of the caritive marker is practically the same in Bashkir, Chuvash, and Tatar, despite the fact that these comitative-instrumental markers have different morphosyntactic nature: the Chuvash suffix -PA(lA) vs. the Bashkir and Tatar postpositions menæn and belæn. However, there is a number of differences between these three systems. First, the markers in question can have uses as part of larger constructions that differ in Chuvash, Bashkir, and Tatar. The Bashkir copula juq can combine with the participle form (in -GAn) in experiential contexts, as well as the Tatar copula juk, but not the Chuvash copula ɕok. The copula ɕok in Chuvash can be used with the infinitive in -mA to express impossibility, which has not been attested for Bashkir and Tatar. Also, only Chuvash has a complex verbal form combining an infinitive (in -mA) with the caritive marker -SƏr which functions as a “negative converb”. Chuvash has an exceptive construction which includes the caritive marker: -SƏr poɕnʲa, while in Bashkir and Tatar cognate exceptive postpositions baʃqa/baʃka are used with the ablative marker. The Chuvash and Tatar markers ɕok and juk can be used attributively without overt marking of subordination, while the Bashkir marker juq demands an additional auxiliary verb in such contexts. The Chuvash marker -SƏr displays the most features of case markers: unlike the Bashkir marker -hEð and the Tatar marker -sEz, it can combine with possessive markers and wordforms with this marker can have nouns as its dependents. And the Chuvash marker and the Tatar marker are similar in that, unlike the Bashkir marker, wordforms with them can have personal pronouns as dependents. In general, all three Turkic languages of Volga-Kama Sprachbund have similar systems of expressing absence or non-involvement of a participant. They differ only in a number of details, where Tatar has an intermediate position between Chuvash and Bashkir. This is in line with the geographical distribution of the three languages: Chuvash in the West, Bashkir in the North, and Tatar in the middle between the two. Keywords: Bashkir, Chuvash, Tatar, Kubalyak, Maloye Karachkino, Poshkart, Volga-Kama Sprachbund, caritive, abessive, negative existential, absence | 1952 | |||||
| 384 | When describing Ket grammar, a scientist faces a range of controversial linguistic phenomena. It refers to possessive constructions: both noun and predicative possessive constructions. Here are some questions that are being discussed in Ket language studies: how to define the status of the indicator da/d(i) in a noun paradigm, is it a Genitive case suffix or a marker of possession, is da/d(i) a single form for expressing possession or two homonymous forms (Genitive case suffix and possessive suffix), is the indicator da/d(i) a morphological element or a syntactic word? Noun and attributive possessive constructions in Ket have been a topic of a number of studies that open the subject of a possessive category to a certain extent. These are Ket grammar books and articles of Russian (Vall, Kanakin, 1985: 44–46; Vall, Kanakin, 1990: 70–73, 75) and foreign scientists (Georg, 2007: 107–108, 119–120, 165–166; Vajda, 2004: 21–23; Werner, 1997: 104–119, 134–136). Also there is a typological work that discusses possessive constructions in detail (Kotorova, Nefedov, 2006) and a comparative work that considers predicative possessive constructions in Yenisei and Athabaskan languages (Vajda, 2013). This research aims at methodology approbation for describing noun possessive constructions in Ket. The research is based on an empirical method that allows to describe the current language functioning and a quantitative method that strengthens the evidence base and validity of obtained results. Keywords: Ket, possessive noun constructions, possessive pronouns, possessive clitics, dependent marking, head marking | 1946 | |||||
| 385 | This paper is devoted to the study of the issue about traditional views and rituals of the ethnographic (dialectal-local) group of Sheshkups / Sheshkums. Facts about the purpose of sacred places in the vicinity of the village Ivankino, based on the analysis of research literature and field ethnographic material collected by various researchers-selkupologists, were revealed. In this study, it was possible to determine the peculiarities of the religious beliefs of the Middle Ob Selkups: they left baskets with family figures of spirits-helpers not only in attics, but also in almost impassable hillock sogra, and “hung” spirits on birch trees. The collected information allows speaking about the preservation of traditional beliefs (ideas about domestic spirits-helpers, places of worship) among local residents until the end of the 20th century, as evidenced by materials recorded from informants of the village Ivankino even in the 21st century. Keywords: Selkups, Ob Sheshkums / Sheshkups, shamanism, places of worship, rituals, dialectal features, ethnographic group | 1946 | |||||
| 386 | The article examines one of the frequent phenomena of the past of the northern Selkups — famine; the frequency of hunger strikes is examined, the groups of the Selkup society most susceptible to regular malnutrition are identified, and the causes of hunger are revealed. As a result of the research, the author comes to the following conclusions. The Selkups experienced famine annually, in the winter-spring period, then all the reserves made for the winter were consumed. In summer and autumn, the Selkups stored food in insufficient quantities. This is due to the Selkup national character, which was not characterized by such qualities as thrifty and prudent. The Selkups also did not make a large number of procurements because of the nomadic way of life. The seasonal famine ended with the arrival of spring migratory birds. After a collective hunt for them, a holiday and a general feast were arranged, at which the Selkups ate their fill for the first time in a year. After the ducks, fish returned — the main summer-autumn food of the Selkups. During the hungry winter-spring period, the Selkups lived by hunting, but full-fledged hunting was impossible for the deerless Selkups, since they required going to places where fur-bearing animals lived, or wild reindeer migrated. Hunting success often did not meet the expectations of the Selkups, since it depended on the whims of nature — migrations of fishing objects, severe frosts, the «yield» of the current year for the animal, etc. In addition to the nomadic way of life, peculiarities of national character and unsuccessful hunting, the Selkup famine had another socio-economic reason. The Selkups were exploited, drunk and deceived in commercial transactions by Russian officials, representatives of the Orthodox Church, merchants and traders, as well as their own clan nobility. Bakeries established by the state, designed to prevent hunger among the population of the Turukhansk region, only exacerbated the situation of the Selkups, making them eternal debtors to the treasury. The overwhelming part of the Selkup society was exposed to hunger. The Selkups did not fight hunger, but humbly endured it, for which they had several passive methods, which included «waiting for spring», a special hungry "diet", kindred and non-kindred mutual assistance. Hunger in the form in which it was experienced by the Selkups can be considered one of the Selkup traditional economic practices. Keywords: northern Selkups, hunger, causes of hunger, national character, social relations, economic practices | 1944 | |||||
| 387 | The paper describes the following aspects of the use of passive forms in Western Mansi narratives: — grammatical semantics of forms with passive morphology (passive in a strict sense, impersonal constructions, adversative, ...); — information structure of passive utterances; — pragmatic conditions for choosing between active and passive voice. On the one hand, in Western Mansi arose a specific correlation between different functions of passive with different communicative structures: — the passive in a strict sense, like the adversative, is used only with a topical object; — the adversative can be used with a topical as well as with a focal subject, whereas the passive — only with a topical one; — the adversative developed a special discursive function: the introduction of a new (focal) subject into the narrative; On the other hand, the passive in a strict sense, whose primary function is a ranking of topics according to their communicative salience, is used in Western Mansi narratives almost automatically. It is used to promote the only one patientive argument — only the main protagonist of a story. This means that speakers do not use passive voice to rank topics; rather they choose a passive form depending on an already predetermined rank. Keywords: Mansi language, passive voice, grammatical semantics | 1942 | |||||
| 388 | The article is devoted to the description of the mental component of the culture of the local ethnic group of Buryats living in China. The project used records of field research that were made in the IMAR of PRC over several years. Based on the analysis of this data, the main mental-spiritual aspects of Buryat culture were revealed. The oral folklore tradition of the ethnic group of the Buryats of Inner Mongolia allows to reveal, to a certain extent, the mentality of the entire Buryat people, to characterize social experience and knowledge accumulated in the past by previous generations. Despite being isolated from the maternal ethnos, the Buryat diaspora in China managed to preserve its cultural potential, not to lose its language and traditions. The ethnopsychology of the pastoralists outside the native nomadism was based on the idea of the need for homecoming, which contributed to the formation of mental attitudes and shaping a special way of thinking, regulating the livelihoods of several generations of migrants. The main stereotypes of the national character of the Chinese Buryats are rooted in indissoluble ties with the mother ethnic group and adherence to the traditional values of ancestors, which are based on a certain way of life – the traditional form of husbandry (cattle breeding), nomadic lifestyle, natural habitat (endless steppes). This explains their characteristic behavioral features: extreme restraint in expression of emotion, deliberation in everyday life, balance of actions, deliberation of action, philosophical perception of the world, special mental makeup in terms of time and distance – they are vague, spaced out, non-concrete. The mentality of the Buryat Diaspora in China is closely associated with belonging to the Buddhist religion, determining the basis of education and worldview – compassion for all living things, observance of moral and mental purity, respect for family customs and traditions. Keywords: mindset, mentality, Buryats of China, traditional culture, values, sociocultural attitudes, oral folklore tradition | 1941 | |||||
| 389 | The determination of social functions of institute is one of the most difficult issues in social anthropology. This discussion isn’t absolutely theoretical; on the contrary, the issue of the social functionality of the museum is one of the key issues for their further development. Some researchers honestly admit that a lack of understanding of social functions leads to a sharp decline in the effectiveness of museums. The article analyzes the functions of the museum as a sociocultural institution on the basis of such a historical and anthropological source as anecdote. This issue, despite its fundamental importance, has rarely been analyzed in an anthropological vein. In addition, the interconnection between the museum and the culture of laughter has received little attention from researchers, although this topic clearly has great potential. For this research we used block of contemporary Russian anecdotes and the anecdotes of the soviet period (1917–1991) for comparative analysis. Totally more than 500 texts were analyzed. The analysis of the anecdotes associated with the museum shows that, despite the low popularity of this institution, in mass culture and consciousness, in the culture of laughter, its key functions and problems are clearly recorded. This once again confirms the importance of analyzing folklore texts for assessing the role of the museum in communities of any level. This material can be used to solve a variety of problems of museum management, from assessing the effectiveness of the socio-cultural activities of the museum to marketing campaigns. Keywords: anecdote, museum anthropology, museum work, social functions, laughter culture | 1941 | |||||
| 390 | The relevance of this research is due to the fact that in Yukaghir linguistics the verb of the forest Yukaghir language has not been studied from the point of expression of the functional-semantic category of aspectuality. The theoretical and methodological basis was the works of famous Russian scientists in the field of aspectology: Yu. S. Maslova, A. V. Bondarko, V. S. Khrakovsky and others. It is known that aspectuality is a functional-semantic category that includes interacting linguistic means (morphological, word-formation, lexical, etc.) that serve to convey character and distribution actions in time. This article is the first to describe the main morphological and lexical ways of expressing one of the types of quantitative aspectuality in the language of the forest Yukaghirs — iteration. On the basis of the actual linguistic material, it is concluded that specialized morphological (grammatical) and lexical means are used to implement the iterative meaning. The main grammatical inventory of means of conveying iterative meaning in the language of the forest Yukaghirs has been determined. So, the affixes -yi, -ii-, -ui- with iterative semantics are universal, i.e. join the stems of both transitive and intransitive verbs. Indicators of iteration for intransitive verbs are the affixes -y-, -sii-, — (n) dy-, -dya-, for transitive — -t-, -s-. The iterative value is also conveyed by the habitual metrics. In the language of the forest Yukaghirs, the suffixes -nu-, -nun-, -nunu- are used to express the habitual meaning, i. e. regular or constant repetition of an action that is an ability, inclination, or a characteristic feature of a participant in an event. The lexical means of expressing the idea of iteration can include adverbs of time such as pugame ʽin summerʼ, youleme ʽeveningʼ, ideinede ʽsometimesʼ, postpositions such as chichkin ʽduringʼ, designating repeating periods of time; actions such as uskuom ʽusuallyʼ, chuote ʽalwaysʼ, denoting a relatively regular repetition of an action; adverbs of the measure and degree type as atahlid'e ʽtwiceʼ, n'ingel'id'e ʽmany timesʼ, denoting the number of manifestations of the action. Keywords: Yukaghir language, forest Yukaghir, iteration, habituality, grammatical indicators, lexical means | 1939 | |||||
| 391 | The article deals with the archaic lexical stratum of the Tungus-Manchu peoples connected with hunting. It reveals the vocabulary of the ancient Tungus language formed during the culture formation of the Neolithic hunters. The theoretical basis of the research is the studies of Tungus specialists who have studied the language of the Tungus-Manchu peoples. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach that incorporates the results of studies of related scientific disciplines to solve the linguistic problem, including folklore, ethnography, history, and archeology studies. In accordance with the chosen methodology, the lexical stratum under study is viewed through the prism of ethnic worldview and folkloric traditions. The research material includes published dictionaries, collections on the folklore of the Tungus-Manchu peoples and field material of the author. The results of the analysis of the archaic lexical stratum connected with hunting, folkloric actions and motifs, basic worldviews, and social traditions of the Tungus-Manchu peoples show their origin in the mountain taiga landscape with the beginning of the Holocene during the development of the nomadic culture of hunters. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the archaic hunting traditions have their origin in the era of the ancient Tungus community. The main archaic cultural traditions of the Tungus Manchu peoples are reflected in the names of tools, the main objects of hunting and basic concepts connected with hunting. The ancient Tungus lexical stratum includes the following words: hurka – “noose, snare,” bər – “bow [of a simple type],” n`ur – “arrow,” kiŋnə – “wooden skis,” huksi – “skin skis,” omor – “birch-bark boat,” niki – “duck,” toki – “moose,” uǯa – “footprint,” bu(l)ta, bota – “hunting,” bujun – “hoofed animal.” In the worldview traditions of the Tungus, hunting as a concept is historically visualized in the meanings of “prey,” “gift,” and “giving”. Keywords: Evenki language, hunting vocabulary, Evenki folklore, hunting, the ethnogenesis of Tungus-Manchu peoples, Neolithic of the Baikal region | 1939 | |||||
| 392 | The main idea and purpose of this article is to test the hypothesis that the results of the 2020 All-Russian census compared to the 2010 census show a statistically significant increase in the emotivity coefficient, i.e., the number of people who claim an ethnic language as their mother tongue but do not actually know it. Buryat was named among the languages that, on the contrary, showed low emotivity coefficient, which might indicate a decrease in its symbolic value between 2010 and 2020. To test the hypothesis regarding the Buryat language, the authors of the article compared the data from the ‘big’ statistics (censuses) with the ‘small’ statistics – materials from regional studies on the Republic of Buryatia. The comparison revealed several differences between them. The 2020 census showed that the number of people who know the Buryat language, use it in everyday life, and consider it their mother tongue has increased. The 2020 regional survey, on the other hand, showed a sharp decline in the number of people who consider Buryat to be their mother tongue and an equally sharp increase in the number of people with a dual ethnolinguistic identity. According to the authors, this difference can be attributed to the lack of information on two or more mother tongues in the final 2020 census data. However, this information indicates new trends, hybrid ethnonyms, and an increased number of people who have not declared their ethnicity. The analysis of regional statistics also showed the similarity of today’s Buryat linguistic competence with that at the end of the Soviet era and the mechanism of language shift. This mechanism consists of the redistribution of language skills within the concept of language competence itself: the gradual increase in passive skills, the decrease in active skills, and the variation in literacy skills depending on the vector of language policy in education. The research confirmed the decreased emotivity coefficient of the Buryat language; on the contrary, during the post-Soviet period, the "language-ethnicity" link is gradually being torn apart in everyday consciousness reflecting the Buryats' self-assessment of their real linguistic competence in the ethnic language. Keywords: language, ethnic identity, symbolic value of language, emotivity coefficient, mother tongue, Buryat language, linguistic competence, censuses, regional statistics | 1939 | |||||
| 393 | The main purpose of human in any culture, including the culture of the nomads of Inner Asia, is procreation. The standard of traditional society was the life of its members in the family, surrounded by children and grandchildren. This article attempts to accumulate known material reflecting the features of the reproductive culture of the Turkic-Mongolic peoples of Inner Asia, representatives of predominantly nomadic culture, its development right up to the beginning of the 20th century. Research interest focused on basic ideas and actions that program the future family well-being of nomadic society young members. Attention was also focused to the problem of extramarital relations of maidens and women among the Turkic-Mongolian peoples of Inner Asia, as an important category of reproductive culture. A comparative historical and comparative typological analysis of the worldview, the ritual sphere and the legal culture of nomads revealed a common ideological layer, which formed the idea of the need for marriage and the sinfulness of loneliness. People who did not marry, or those who remained childless, became outcasts of society. They were associated by a number of negative ideas and will accept, including the views of the transformation of unmarried childless women after death into evil spirits that harm women and children. The study of the problem of chastity in the nomadic environment shows the divergence of views and customs of the traditional society with the ethical standards reflected in the legal culture of the Mongolian empire and its successors. The laws of the Mongol Empire differed most rigorously. In the process of further development of the Mongolian law, there is a softening of punishments for illegal sexual relations, along with the growing loyalty of society to extramarital relations and the birth of illegitimate children. The reason for this situation was, in our opinion, a gender imbalance that developed in a nomadic society by the 17th – 19th centuries, a high mortality rate among women of reproductive age and children. In this regard, the scenario of reproductive behavior in the culture of the Mongolic peoples has become focused on the birth of children without any restrictions. Keywords: Inner Asia, Turkic-Mongolian peoples, reproductive culture, traditional worldview, extramarital affairs | 1937 | |||||
| 394 | The study of the place of the human body and body etiquette in the traditional culture of the Bashkirs is considered a relevant problem, on the one hand, for a complete description of the culture of communication and, on the other hand – given the lack of research on this problem. Therefore, the aim of the article is to identify and describe the Bashkir body code according to mythology, ancient beliefs, and religious convictions to characterize the communication subjects. The research was conducted on the basis of descriptive, structural-functional, and comparative-typological research methods. A complex approach was used throughout the work, including the author's analysis of philosophical and ethnographic works and field materials. Based on folklore and field studies, the ideals of male and female beauty were defined, and the mythological, religious, and ritual foundations of the representations of the human body were identified. As a result, the traditional culture of the Bashkirs has developed its image of man based on the shape of the head and facial contours, skin color, hairiness, the thickness of hair and eyelashes, size of the forehead, mouth, lips, nose, ears and eyes, while folklore has recorded omens and beliefs associated with body parts. In traditional society, a man was perceived as a specimen and part of the universe. Following this view, the rules of behavior were associated with the vertical and horizontal structures of the human body. Thus, in communication, attention was paid to physical characteristics to determine the communication partner and the rules of behavior with him or her within the framework: earthly (this) – otherworldly (different), man – woman, old – young, ordinary – marked, as well as special attention to parts of the body that were considered containers of the soul. In addition, customs, prohibitions, and commandments regulated nudity according to ancient beliefs and the Muslim religion. In rare cases, nudity of the body was also observed during rites of passage. Thus, the body code of each nation has its peculiarities, the study of which is important to understand the nonverbal signals transmitted in communication, to determine the character and mentality, ideals and values, communication culture and etiquette of this or that ethnic group. Keywords: Bashkirs, traditional culture of Bashkirs, body, body code, communication, etiquette, body language | 1935 | |||||
| 395 | This article presents the results of the study of deictic locative adverbs in the Khakass language. Deictic locative adverbs, like other demonstrative words, characterize the position of an object by the degree of proximity to the speaking person ("deictic center"). Each language has its own (binomial, trinomial and more) system of division of space with respect to the deictic center. In Khakass, the position of an object in space relative to the speaker is determined through a three-membered system: proximal ("closer to the speaking face"), medial ("slightly farther from the speaking face"), and extreme ("far from the speaking face"). Each system includes locative, adlocative, delocative, and translocative values. Locative deictic adverbs perform the function of the Union of words in the composition biprediction designs place. In the sentence, these adverbs play the role of the circumstance of place. In addition, some dialects of the extreme deixis are used for the development of temporal values. Keywords: deixis, anaphora, deictic locative adverbs, adverbs of proximal, medial and extreme deixis, Khakass language | 1934 | |||||
| 396 | In this article, using examples of handwritten texts of heroic legends and self-recordings by Shor storyteller (kaichi), the collecting activity of the folklorist and the performance of the epic at home are considered. Performing a legend at home is a situation for kaichi that is directly opposite to the generally accepted tradition, when an honorary invitation followed and the performance of alyptyg nybak in a circle of friends and fellow villagers, who perfectly knew the epic tradition of kai The storytellers needed a real audience, an epic environment that would support him on his way beyond the alyp. In the case of one collector-listener-guest, the kaichi, more like a hospitable host, personally thanked him, blessed and bestowed good luck on the alyp. Some storytellers (A. P. Napazakov), in the presence of one collector or in self-recordings (V. E. Tannagashev), completely missed the appeal to the audience. In their room, the storytellers, having lost the habit of performing kai, felt constrained, tuned in for a long time and were forced to perform one epic from morning to dinner, sometimes until evening, if they were in no hurry to go anywhere. However, thanks to confidential communication with storytellers at home, we managed to clarify some “dark places” of the texts, to find out the meaning of archaic words and expressions. Sometimes the collector could make changes to the names of epic works, and the storytellers, trying not to offend the guest in their home, agreed with the opinion of the person who wrote down about the renaming of the legend. Performing alyptyg nybak for one listener-collector in the daytime, the storytellers, for various reasons (mood, haste, arrival of guests, etc.), reduced the performance, which undoubtedly affected the quality of the content of the epic. V. E. Tannagashev has repeatedly reported that due to the limited time, he is forced to shorten the legends, or say it by recitative. Performing legends in an unusual situation, especially for the collector, the kaichi, finding themselves outside the epic environment, did not feel in unity with their listeners, which affected the narrators' remarks and the traditional poetics of legends. Keywords: heroic epic story, storyteller, listener, collector, performance, self-record, audio record | 1930 | |||||
| 397 | Causativity is a functional-semantic category, which is implemented at different levels of the language system. Causative verbs in the Buryat language have morphological expression. Causation is one of the most productive derivations here. Causative markers can be attached to both non-derived bases and derivatives. Quite often in the Buryat language there is a double marking of causative verbs-double causation, which is characteristic of agglutinative languages. The main purpose of this article is to study the phenomenon of double causation in the Buryat language. The tasks include consideration of formal features of verbs with double causation, analysis of their semantic and functional features. Thus, it is show that productive suffixes -uul, -lga participate in the formation of double causation in the Buryat language. Other affixes do not participate in the formation of the second degree of causation. It is also revealed that the order of affixes addition is more widespread here, in which the same affixes are not duplicated, but new ones are added, while unproductive suffixes always precede productive ones. Double causation in the Buryat language indicates the large number of individual participants in the causative situation, which involves the expression of the value of distant causation, the expression of the value of permissive causation. Also, double causation is able to Express the value of intensity or multiplicity of causative action, the value of step-by-step causation. Double and even triple causation can also be a sign of excessive marking, simple duplication. In the Buryat language, causative suffixes can appear in the passive sense and lose the value of causation, but we note the fact that such examples also allow for double causation, which is also excessive. The paper also draws attention to the question of double causation of lexical causatives, in which the causative are not marked causative verbs. Keywords: double causation, causative verb, causation, lexical causative, morphological causative, causative affixes, distant causation | 1928 | |||||
| 398 | The authors consider the vocabulary of Siberian Turkic and Mongolian languages, related to the cult of mountains, land and water in a semantic context with the ritual action. The main languages of the study are Altai, Buryat and Yakut with the involvement of Mongolian, Khakas, and Tuvan parallels. In rites of Turkic-Mongolian people devoted to the host spirits of the area, the general principles of the organization of the sacred space, conceptually similar ritual actions are traced. There are universal attributes and symbols which are illustratory of shamanism and Buddhism. For the first time, a comparative analysis of lexemes, semantics and symbolism of words related to ritual actions and accompanying their verbal context was carried out. The purpose of the work is identifying the preservation, dissemination and transformation of cultural universals with verbal expression. A study of the oldest cultural codes preserved in the subject and actional spheres of rite seems relevant. The concept of a cultural code in the study of rite will provide a key to understanding the cultural picture of the world and allows deciphering the deep meaning of the components of the rite (meanings, signs, symbols, norms, etc.). As a result, we state that there was once a united Turkic-Mongolian tradition of shamanism, which had a common culturally significant system. It is confirmed by lexical material and their ritual context. The considered two main rituals of sacrifice (bloody and bloodless) prove both ancient ties and a stable universal sequence and the preservation of national codes in the ritual event of the Mongolian and Turkic peoples of Siberia. It is revealed that the key lexemes used in the subject code have a universal semantics in the ritual event. Lexical correspondences and similar ritual objects and actions most likely prove the ascension of the rite to single roots with subsequent regional and temporary transformations. It was established that the same attributes of the ritual with a similar or different lexical designation are archetypes reflecting the general cultural codes of the Turkic peoples of Siberia and Mongolian ethnic groups. Keywords: Turkic-Mongolian people, cultural universals, cultural code, historical vocabulary, rite | 1922 | |||||
| 399 | This article examines the somatic code of culture, which is one of the important and universal codes in the linguoculture of the Evens, reflecting the perception of the world of the Even ethnos. The bilingual dictionaries, folklore and artworks of Even, and the author's field materials collected during expedition trips to the small residency of the Evens were used for data of the article. The specificity of the verbalization of somonyms in the Even paremias and phraseological expressions was revealed. The semantic features of metaphors with elements of somatisms in the ven language are determined. Anatomical vocabulary, participating in the creation of figurative meanings, associations and possessing symbolic functions, reflects the archetypal visions and thinking of the people. Somatisms are reflected in spatial vocabulary, landscape vocabulary, ritual culture, idioms, metaphors, proverbs and sayings of the evens. In the even linguistic culture the sacredness of some parts of body was reflected in prohibitions-amulets. Semantization and meaning of the somatic code of culture is universal and has parallels in the vision of the world of other folks. Keywords: Even language, somatic code, linguoculture, component, metaphor, phraseological unit | 1920 | |||||
| 400 | Today’s social agenda emphasizes the need to pay special attention to the processes accompanying migration to the Transbaikal region. In the past, the low population density of the region, combined with unfavorable socioeconomic and climatic conditions that gave additional impetus to the decline of the indigenous population, contributed to an increase in migration flows from Central Asia. The changing quantitative ratio of the share of migrants in the urban population determines the reshaping of social institutions to meet their needs, and also provides an opportunity to study phenomena that have arisen as a result of migration. The socio-cultural adaptation of migrants implies a formal insertion into the receiving party’s cultural context and a psychological restructuring to meet the demands of a new cultural space. The existential experience migrants undergo when they realize the inapplicability of their previous mental attitudes to a new situation is associated with a significant stressor, which in this study is viewed through the prism of cultural trauma. At the same time, success in coping with trauma depends largely on factors such as the presence of a “migration background”, the age of migration, and the specifics of experiences in relationships with representatives of the host society. Keywords: cultural trauma, migrants, frustration, existential approach, identity, self-concept | 1917 | |||||
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