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| 551 | This article examines the articulatory-acoustic features of the vowel type [a] of the Karaidel dialect of the Bashkir language. The study's relevance arises from the fact that the phonetic system of the Bashkir language has so far been described mainly based on the researcher's observations and auditory perception. In this context, we are faced with the task of determining the characteristics of phonemes and their allophones with the help of modern recordings in WAV format and using new techniques and computer programs. The study aims to present a detailed analysis of the quality of the vowel type [a] in monosyllabic lexemes in anlaut and medial positions in the Karaidel dialect of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that, for the first time, the experimental acoustic method is used to describe the vowel phoneme [a]. The work is based on expedition recordings made by the author in 2022–2023 in the settlements of the Karaidel region in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The recording and decoding were carried out using a unique phonetic technique. The acoustic analysis was carried out using the Speech Analyzer 3.0.1 computer program. The description follows the methodology used in the Laboratory for Experimental Phonetic Research named after. V. M. Nadelyaev Institute of Philology SB RAS. In the main part of the article, an analysis of the vowel [a] in anlaut (VC) and inlaut (CVC) positions in such monosyllabic words as ay 'moon, month,' may 'butter, fat' and mal 'cattle' in the pronunciation of four informants are presented. Previous Bashkir researchers classified the variant of the phoneme [a] in these positions in Karaidel and other dialects of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language as labialized 'a°' or as 'o' with the element 'a'. According to our experimental phonetic studies, the vowel 'a' at the beginning of words and in the first closed syllables was recorded as a complex two-component sound 'oa,' called a dufon (by N.S. Urtegeshev), which consists of two elements: the first is a guttural-rounded type 'o', and the second is a gutturalunrounded type 'a'. Keywords: Bashkir language, Karaidel subdialect, two-component vowel sound, dufon, allophone | 1498 | |||||
| 552 | The article is dedicated to the methodological problems of visual folkloristics. The article justifies the necessity of its separation into a sub-discipline of visual anthropology and classical folklore studies. According to the author, the language of cinema is the semiotic system capable of capturing such a complex cultural phenomenon as a folkloristic work as completely, adequately, and accurately as possible. The importance of the non-verbal and extra-musical aspects of the performance, which are lost in text or audio recordings, is emphasized. The article is based on the field material collected by the author during folkloristic-ethnographic expeditions in different regions of Siberia. Examples are given of video recordings of such complex rituals as the Bear Festival and the honoring of family patron spirits among the Khanty, shamanic initiation among the Buryats, and the Altai calendar ritual Jazhyl bӱr (‘Green Leaves’). Practical recommendations are given for the choice of this or that recording method in different situations. The relevance of recording rituals with two cameras and the continuous recording method is justified. The problem of subsequent editing of the filmed material – various editing options depending on the task and target audience and the analysis of the existing video material from the point of view of various scientific disciplines (ethnography, linguistics, folklore, musicology, choreography) is considered separately. The author believes that the joint viewing of folklore videos with informants can serve as a “catalyst” for the creative activity of performers and can be used for this purpose in field research. The end result of a visual folklorist’s work can be a folklore film, a multimedia disk, a database stored online, illustrations for articles and academic reports, and educational materials for school and university students. Another issue is the copyright of the video material, which should be clarified at least through a verbal agreement with the informant, respecting all his wishes regarding confidential information. The author concludes that only integrated digital video and audio recordings can provide the necessary level of completeness and adequacy to capture such a multidimensional phenomenon as folklore and that audiovisual folklore has already developed its own tasks and methods to solve them, moving from the level of recording the performance of a folkloristic work to the level of its complex interdisciplinary study. Keywords: visual anthropology, visual folkloristics, ritual folklore, video recording, methodology, video editing, authenticity | 1493 | |||||
| 553 | In this article, using the example of the shamanic ritual Shachyg (sprinkling, treatment of the spirits of the mountains and rivers), the ritual activity of the so-called modern shamans who have not undergone the ordeals of the “shamanic disease” is considered. They are “discovered” by a more experienced local who has sometimes attended training courses with Khakass or Tuvan shamans and has the relevant credentials. Some Kams also spoke of the shamanic gift being inherited within the family from grandfathers or grandmothers. The Shachyg ritual was performed in 2019 in Tashtagol by S. Teneshev (born in 1973) and other shamans on the Day of Indigenous Peoples of the World. At the beginning of the ritual, the reason for the ceremony is stated, and the most "painful" current problems of the whole people or a certain group of participants are listed, which can be solved with the help of higher powers. The example of a ritual text has shown that the language of ritual texts is reduced to the everyday level and is very poor. In the text of S. Teneshev that we studied, there are Russicisms, interjective exclamations, names of geographical places (e.g., the mountain Mustag), Belkovo (a suburb of Tashtagol ), but no archaisms and vocabulary connected with shamanism, and there are no allegories, similes and other means of expression characteristic of earlier records of rituals. He mentions only the god Kudai, the spirits of mountains and rivers, and the spirit of fire. However, the ritual itself is characterized by detailed treatment of the spirits of rivers and mountains, the use of ritual objects during the ritual (tambourine tӱur, kai-komus), and the presence of national costumes. During the ritual, S. Teneshev, together with other shamans, asks various eezi spirits for a majestic holiday and blessings for all the Shors present: people preserving their native language, wealth, growth of livestock, childbearing, health, happiness, and good luck. This ritual is particularly interesting because in the context of globalization, with the departure of the authentic carriers of the traditional worldview in modern society, there is a demand for the revival and maintenance of national traditions through the reconstruction and popularization of shamanistic rituals, the so-called “neo-shamanism”. It is very important that researchers record these processes, analyze the material, ethnographic, and textual components of the "new" rituals, and compare them in the future with the authentic shamanic rituals recorded in the 20th century and with the global trends of neo-shamanism. Keywords: shamanizm, Shor shamans, ritual, costume, spirit sprinkling, shaman's spirits, language | 1491 | |||||
| 554 | The article examines the personal names of the peoples of Bashkortostan in the context of the dynamics of ethnic traditions in the context of socio-political and economic changes, as well as the uniqueness of the polyethnic and polyconfessional environment. The general patterns are pointed out, and the difference in the emergence of Orthodox Russians, Bashkir Muslims, and Tatars, carriers of traditional ("pagan") religions of Udmurt and Chuvash, Lutherans, and Latvians becomes clear. In the chronological framework of the 20 – early 21 century, the change in the composition of names of ethnic groups was studied, and the direction from ethnocultural diversity to the formation of a common layer of name Sovietisms and international anthroponyms in the Soviet period was determined, and in the post-Soviet period – a return to some pre-Soviet traditions. Bashkirs, Tatars, and Russians return to the names that existed in pre-revolutionary times. The custom of having two, sometimes even three names was updated (official – for communication, secret – in a religious rite, and one for protection (talismans)). The "pagans" of the Udmurt do not return to the original ethnic anthroponyms because the names borrowed from the Turkic and Russian environment are considered "their own." Among the Chuvash "pagans", since the end of the 19 century, there has been a move away from ethnic "paganism," a transition to common Turkic and Slavic names now considered traditional. In turn, the representatives of the intelligentsia among the Orthodox Chuvash have a preference for pseudonyms – talismanic names of Turkic origin. Latvians, due to the rejection of Soviet power in the years after the revolution, did not have Soviet names but international words, which, however, sounded in their own way. It is concluded that the preservation of traditions is related to the plasticity of ethnic cultures, to the ability to coexist and interact with Soviet, non-ethnic, non-confessional customs to develop through renewal. The namesake of Ulkunda village demonstrates the diversity of ethnocultural phenomena in the Duvan district, which has traditional anthroponyms, Sovietisms, international names associated with toponyms, flora and fauna, chemical elements, household items, famous personalities, and innovations in society. Keywords: peoples of Bashkortostan, name creation, naming ceremony, traditional anthroponyms, names-Sovietisms | 1488 | |||||
| 555 | The article aims to raise the question of the existence of a deep and, therefore, unexplored Uralic Adstratum in the historiography of the nomadic confederation of the epoch of a certain area – Eastern Transbaikalia. The article is devoted to little-studied topics, the range of which is very wide, as they are related to the results of regional archeology and regional historical onomastics. In connection with the aim of clarifying the issues of cultural genesis and ethnogenesis of the Buryats by providing an example of understanding related sciences, the article attempts to solve a number of problems. First, the article describes the etymology of oikonyms, the topological basis of which is connected with the Dagur language. The names of the settlements (oikonyms) illustrate the Daurian historical period of Eastern Transbaikalia. Secondly, the article attempts to connect the unclear aspects of regional studies with historical onomastics using the example of archeological cultures. Toponyms, which in their possible meaning reveal a connection between the ancient Mongolian tribes and a very distant period, illustrate the presence of fortified settlements – taras’. Thirdly, this article aims to comprehensively understand the presence of adstrate-substrate elements of a particular zone as an area of the diachronic Ural-Altai language union due to the contact of different ethnic elements. The stratigraphy of the toponymic substrate and adstratum makes it possible to declare the presence, in addition to the Ob-Ugric substrate, of a deeper adstratum that reveals a connection with the Ural-speaking tribes of Tartaria. The article contains a comprehensive description of the results of regional archeology (including Lake Baikal) and regional onomastics, which makes it possible to assess the scientific value of the question of the ethnolinguistic origin of the era of the ancient Mongolian tribes of the so-called White Tatars. The unknown White Tatars, who belonged to nomadic confederations, are perhaps those mysterious inhabitants of North Asia, from whom the practice of building fortified settlements – Kars and Taras – as well as palace complexes – the Konduisky Palace – has been preserved. Keywords: fortified settlements – Taras, Kondui Palace, Dagur language, Burkhotuy, Darasun archeological cultures, toponyms, Eastern Transbaikalia, Tartary, White Tatars | 1488 | |||||
| 556 | The article examines the changes in the organization of a feast in a village in Komi in 1917–1960 and identifies the ethnocultural peculiarities in the composition of the feast dishes. The relevance of the topic is explained by the need to examine the process of feasting to preserve identity in a multinational world. The sources for writing the article were the memories of residents of the Komi Republic and photos of feasts from that time. The emergence of a new festive culture was associated with the ideological restructuring of society and the state. The new holidays were divided into three types: those associated with the most significant events in Soviet history (October Revolution); those that sacralized the social structure (Teacher’s Day); “those that embodied a certain ideologeme” (International Labor Day). The knowledge of the previously existing program for celebrating the holidays of the church calendar was retained, as well as some food attributes (Kulich, Easter cake) of the calendar ritual. The organization of the new holidays of the Soviet era according to the developed scheme was carried out by the local administration and Komsomol activists, and participation in the festive events was mandatory for everyone. However, the food crisis, which was observed from the beginning of the revolutionary events until the end of the 1950s, did not allow mass festivities to be organized. The social feasts of a rural community with rich food, characteristic of the 1920s, were replaced by modest tea parties with traditional pastries, whose festive atmosphere was created by background music. However, the earlier practice of holding a public feast at the end of farm work remained. A certain improvement in food supplies in the 1950s made it possible to organize house parties for a circle of people connected by kinship or professional interests. At the same time, the integrating character of the feast remained. Festive dishes were prepared from homemade products; only flour and cereals, tea, gingerbread, cakes, sweets, and alcoholic beverages were bought. Purchased sweets and alcohol were clearly considered attributes of the festive table. The ethnocultural character of the festive menu was evident in the practice of serving traditional baked goods, game and fish dishes, mushrooms, and berries. Keywords: feast culture, Soviet era, feast, Komi village, food | 1487 | |||||
| 557 | The article deals with some episodes of Selkup history in the valley of the river Vakh and on the adjacent territory of the upper Taz River in the first half of the 18th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. The main topics discussed are the following: the localization of the Tymskaya and Karakonskaya volosts, their divisibility and connection with certain groups of the local population, the details of the final process of migration of the Selkup and the formation of their ethnic boundaries with the Khanty. The study is mainly based on the analysis and comparison of archival data with the material of previous historical and ethnographic publications. As a result, the research adjusted the previously assumed boundaries of the Tymsky volost on the Vakh River and the neighboring Karakonskaya volost on the Taz River. It turned out that the Selkups of the Karakonskaya volost had left the Vakh River by 1740 and were already in the basin of the neighboring Taz River. It turned out that the period of relatively free migration of the Selkups had already ended in the middle of the 18th century. Later, there were only movements of small groups of Selkups and Khanty in the space between the Vakh and Taz rivers and in both directions. Having decreased significantly in the early 19th century, limited social communication between the populations of the two river basins did not cease even after a century. A significant part of the Selkups of the river Vakh and their elite remained faithful to their ethnic identity in the first decades of the 20th century. The final rupture of ties between the Selkups of the Upper Taz and the Selkups of the Vakh and the disappearance of the community of the Selkups of the Vakh occurred in the middle of the 20th century. Keywords: ethnography of Western Siberia, migration, ethnicity, Tymskaya volost, Karakonskaya volost, Lyaryak | 1482 | |||||
| 558 | The article presents the results of studies of ceramics from two sites (Novovasyugan settlement and settlement) of the Kulai culture from the Narym Ob region, located in close proximity – at a distance of 60 m, which is of particular interest for identifying traditions in the manufacture of pottery. The technical and technological analysis of ceramics was carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach. The main objective of the research was to identify the specifics of cultural traditions in the selection of raw materials and the preparation of pottery paste and a comparative analysis of the results obtained. As a result of the study of the raw materials, it was found that ferruginous clays (medium and slightly degree of iron content in clay) with a large amount of fine sand were used. Artificial mineral impurities were practically not introduced into the pottery paste, only in a few cases chamotte was recorded, as a rule, in a low concentration, which did not affect the quality of the vessels. Skills in the selection of raw materials and preparation of pottery paste from these two sites are very similar, but vessels made of the same clay were not found. It was found that the potters from the settlement and the settlement used different clay deposits, which differed in the size of the sand. The peculiarities of firing of vessels, surface treatment of vessels, and the application of ornaments indicate different traditions of pottery making, different potters and groups of the population. Perhaps the identified features are related to chronological reasons, as evidenced by differences in the ornamentation of vessels. A comparative analysis with the previously studied collections of the Kulai culture revealed differences. The Kulai monuments from the Tomsk Ob region are characterized by the use of weak – and non iron clay with the addition of crushed stone (broken stone) to the pottery paste, and the addition of chamotte for the Priketye. At the Novovasyugan settlement and the settlement site, non iron clay and the broken stone were not detected, and mineral impurities were rarely introduced. The presence of recipes with chamotte on the Novovasyugan sites may indicate a small influx of people with other skills in preparing pottery paste characteristic of the Tomsk region. Keywords: Novovasyugan settlement, settlement, Kulai culture, ceramics, technical and technological analysis, raw materials, pottery paste, ornament, Narym and Tomsk Ob | 1471 | |||||
| 559 | This article is devoted to the description of Khakass proverbs and sayings that depict the image of a family and family relationships. Currently, many issues related to the description of the image of the family through paremic expressions in the Khakass language have not yet been adequately addressed, which determines the relevance of this study. The authors have concluded that the image of the family is widespread in Khakass proverbs and sayings. It is found in the images of bride/groom, husband/wife, father/mother, children, and brother/sister. The images of bride and groom are represented by the traditional marriage customs of the Khakass, in which the seok (clan) plays an important role. The relationship between husband and wife is governed by behavioral norms based on the principles of equality, friendship, love, and loyalty to each other. Mothers and fathers act as role models for their children, who often inherit their character traits and habits. The mother’s image is endowed with warm qualities and seems more significant than the image of the father, whom his children and relatives respect. Children, brothers, and sisters are the main components of family relationships in Khakass paremiology. The theme of children in Khakass paremiology is emphasized by the emotional and evaluative aspect of perceiving a child as an object of love and tenderness on the one hand and as a manifestation of parental disappointment and bitterness in response to their indifference on the other. The difficulties of bringing up children are addressed, as is the problem of childlessness against the background of the value of a large family. The brother’s image is endowed with the role of protector and supporter of the family, as is that of the sister – with kindness, tenderness, and responsiveness. The preservation of the ethnocultural constants of the traditional Khakass worldview, which represents the highest value of the integrity of the family and the clan, must be observed. The image of the family in Khakass society consists of adherence to the basic principles of mutual help, support, respect for each other, honoring the elders, and caring for the younger ones. Keywords: image of the family, image of children, proverbs and sayings, paroemia, marital relations, kinship relations, Khakass language | 1471 | |||||
| 560 | “The Drawing Book of Siberia” is a unique source on the history and geography of Siberia in the XVII– XVIII centuries written by the Russian cartographer S. U. Remezov. It contains a document called “The Drawing of the Narym City Territory”. Narym region is known for the abundance of lakes, but on this map by S. U. Remezov only 12 reservoirs of this type are recorded. The aim of the article is to analyze the localization features of these lakes on the map. The criteria for selecting specific water objects for registration on the drawing are considered, and their significance for the local population is studied. On the basis of various historical and cartographic materials, a conclusion is drawn that S. U. Remezov marked real geographical objects, which according to a comprehensive analysis of the sources can be associated with the lakes, indicated on modern geographical maps. These reservoirs played an important role in life of the Narym Territory inhabitants, and were used not only for fishing but also as cult places. It is noted that most of the water objects marked on the drawing geographically gravitate to the centers of early Russian development. This fact characterizes the specifics of S. U. Remezov's data collection and the features of the information and sources used by him. Keywords: Western Siberia, Narym Territory, hydrographic network, lakes, S.U. Remezov, The Drawings Book of Siberia, The Drawing of the Narym city territory, archeology, ethnography | 1466 | |||||
| 561 | The publication summarizes the results of a preliminary study of the Komi-Zyryan- Russian dictionary discovered as part of a recently discovered Russian manuscript collection from the XVII century. The study was conducted based on the material of the original digitized dictionary, the facsimile edition of which will be published in the general monograph on the newly discovered collection. Traditional methods of general linguistics and textology, as well as Russian historiography and some auxiliary historical disciplines, were used in the analysis of the dictionary text. The main focus is on one fragment of the document, namely the Zyryan-Russian monetary units, which are considered in the context of the historical state of the financial system and the circulation of money in the Russia of the XVI-XVII centuries. The article gives the structure of the list of monetary units, their elements, and monetary amounts, which were subjected to primary processing and systematization. The author proposes an interpretation of the “Komi money” expressed in national monetary terms (ur ‘kopeck’, ‘shait ruble') and their value relation to the units of the Russian monetary system (denga, altyn, ruble, half ruble). The list of monetary units in the compilation of the Zyryan dictionary also allows you to check the chronological parameters. The structure and nomenclature of monetary units, as well as the ratio of their values, partially illustrated by the Komi text, confirm the document's connection with a difficult period in the history of the Russian state, which covered almost the entire XVII century and, in particular, the period of the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The picture of unsystematic monetary amounts in the Komi and Russian parts, especially in the Altyn series, is related to the state of the financial system during the monetary reform of 1654–1663 when old silver money (denga) and new silver and copper coins of various denominations with a compulsory exchange rate were in circulation simultaneously for a long time. The dictionary material requires further study, as it is of interest not only for Komi and Russian historical lexicography but also for historical research in the field of monetary circulation in Russia. Keywords: historical lexicography, written documents, the Komi language, monetary units, the financial system of Russia of the XVII century | 1465 | |||||
| 562 | Geographical names with the word ‘snake’ are common in Bashkir toponymy. This article aims to uncover the reasons for using such names and to shed light on their origins. The occurrence of snakes in certain habitats is the most important factor influencing the appearance of these names. River names associated with the image of a snake have a visual connection to the movements and appearance of a snake that can be observed. The image of a crawling or slithering snake reflects the popular perception of the flow of a river. Furthermore, the inclusion of snake imagery in toponymy can be traced back to ancient Bashkir beliefs and mythology, in which snakes play an important role. An analysis of the mythological material shows that the snake symbolizes the feminine principle, life, fertility, and bodies of water such as rivers and lakes. Consequently, ‘snake’ names are predominantly associated with bodies of water, with these geographical features being viewed both positively and negatively in the popular consciousness. Therefore, distinguishing between sacred and negative places in Bashkir toponymy is possible. According to Bashkir mythology, the snake, as a totem animal, serves as a guide through infinite space and can locate drinking water sources. As the snake is the totem of the Bashkir clan Yylan, it is reflected above all in Bashkir ethnohydronymy, especially in relation to sacred places. In Bashkir mythology, the snake stands for both life and death, which means that bodies of water named after it are associated with “negative” places. Derogatory names in Bashkir hydronyms are associated with symbols from Iranian mythology, such as Azhdaha, Azhi, and Azhai, which stand for dragons or monsters. These creatures are believed to inhabit lakes and swamps, making the water unsuitable for drinking. For this reason, these objects are classified as “negative” places in Bashkir toponymy. Keywords: toponymy, Bashkir toponymy, snake image, reclamation toponyms, pejorative toponyms | 1459 | |||||
| 563 | This paper considers the information structure in the Upper Lozva dialect of the Mansi language in correspondence to the concept of focus. After a brief presentation of the ULM and its prosody intonational patterns are described within a syllable, words of different syllable structure, on the material of isolated sentences and sentences in discourse. Audio material recorded by the author were analyzed in PRAAT. F0 movement was selected as an acoustic feature of prosodic marking of the informational structure. A comparison is made between neutral and logically stressed sentences. Neutral intonation is characterized by a gradual increase of pitch to the predicative core followed by decline of pitch. Topic is marked by an even tone on the stressed syllable. Rhema is marked by a significant increase of pitch within a stressed syllable. The concept of “focus” is substantiated on the basis of its description in the literature on the topic. Next, the analysis of the marked chunks is performed. The intonational marking of a wide and narrow focus is investigated. Argumental and predicate foci are distinguished; a hypothesis is proposed about the absence of prosodic marking of sentential focus. The description of focus structures with additive particles and under negation is provided. Keywords: information structure, pragmatics, focus, discourse, prosody, intonation, minority languages, uralic languages, mansi | 1458 | |||||
| 564 | This article was written according to the author’s report in September 2023 at the Tomsk State Pedagogical University at the international conference “XXX Dulson Readings”. This work describes how to express the concept of the verb ‘to go’ in Udihe. After analyzing about 80 verbs meaning ‘to go,’ we have concluded that this verb is expressed in the language in two basic ways – lexically and derivationally. The derivational suffix -nawith the semantic purpose of the movement is attached to the verbs of different lexical-semantic groups and transfers these verbs into the lexical-semantic group ‘to go’ (ulene- ʻto go digʼ, guŋne- ʻto go say something). An important feature is the lexical diversity of the verbs, which denote not only general but also specific types of the verb ‘to go’ (eme- ʻto comeʼ, uǯa- ʻto follow the track of an animal, aŋanagi- ʻto go backʼ). In addition, this paper discusses several verbs whose figurative meaning correlates with the concept of the verb ‘to go’ (ñuhana- ʻdiveʼ, edine- ʻblow windʼ). This study is based on the work devoted to the related Manchu-Tungusic languages – Manchurian, Nanay, Evenki, Oroch, and Orok (Uilta). The material of the Samoyed and Turkic languages that are typologically similar to Udihe – Nenets, Tuvan, Altai, and Khakass – is also of interest. In addition, the material of the Slavic and Germanic languages that are typologically different from Udihe – Russian and English – is also involved in the study. Keywords: Udihe language, the concept of the verb ‘to go,’ the word formation method, lexical variety, purpose of movement, figurative use of verbs, Manchu-Tungusic languages | 1458 | |||||
| 565 | Features of religious doctrine, religious practices, and norms of behavior are among the significant group characteristics of confessional communities. This list of religious characteristics and their interpretations can differ considerably depending on whether they are used for identification from the perspective of the group members (self-identification) or identification by others. The understanding of one’s own faith as true and saving faith is reflected in religious terminology and often becomes a decisive factor in the formation of confessional terms. The article analyzes the semantic and pragmatic components of self-designations and key religious terms of the Komi folk Orthodox movement bursylysyas (ver. ‘singers of goodness’), which emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. This study is based on archive and published material from the first half of the 20th century. The bursylysyas movement emerged at the beginning of the 20th century in the Komi villages on the upper Vychegda. The most important elements of the religious practices were spiritual conversations, during which religious hymns were sung in the Komi language, led by a local peasant, Stefan Yermolin, and after his death by other lay people. The religious terminology of the Komi folk Orthodox movement bursylysyas is an example of selfidentification and self-designation, as it refers to certain collective acts performed for religious reasons that unite the group. The self-designation of the religious group and the names of the religious practices reflected the religious and ethical notions of goodness (bur), demonstrated a high regard for their own doctrine, and emphasized the special status of their followers. The names of the leader and his followers – burvystalys‘ 'singers of goodness' / burkyvzysyas ‘hearers of goodness' – were closely linked. The direct meaning of these terms, reflecting certain signs and actions, was combined with additional symbolic meanings denoting the status of a religious leader and his followers. The change of the self-name of the religious group and the name of the spiritual talks after the death of S. Yermolin shows the importance of the personality of the founder of the religious movement as well as the reconsideration of his own role by his followers. Keywords: bursylysyas, religious terminology, religious practice, confessionym, Komi | 1457 | |||||
| 566 | The article deals with the naming ritual in the epic tales of Shors recorded by N. P. Dyrenkova, A. I. Chudojakov, L. N. Arbachakova, and Shors' narrators; some have not been published yet. The naming ceremony is one of the most important poetic and mythological motifs in all traditional oral cultures; it is associated with initiation. In folklore, it is treated as one of the so-called "epic formulas" or “commonplaces” as a standardized form of expression for folkloric motifs. Using descriptive and comparative methods, we have shown the general structure of the naming ceremony and its variability depending on the gender of the epic character and its role in the epic narrative. The article also describes the manifestations of naming an epic hero and his inner divine status. Special attention was paid to the linguistic representation of the naming ceremony and the epic formulas used. In the heroic stories of the Shors, the name of an epic hero has a great symbolic effect; the one who gives him a name is highly respected and honored. An epic hero is born miraculously. The boy (rarely a girl) grows very fast and gains all his power in just a few hours or days after an epic sleep. When he awakens, his parents or other close relatives send him to the coast or a mountain's steps to receive a name. They give him a drink to take to the person who will do the naming. Only if he has a heroic name can he fight the invaders, perform other glorious deeds or find a bride. The naming ceremony of the Shors consists of several parts: The child leaves the parental palace and goes to the place of the ceremony, he calls for a person who will give him a name, the name-giver comes, receives the drinks brought by the boy, announces the name and the blessing, the name-giver disappears and returns to his palace. During the naming ceremony, the name is first given to the epic hero's horse and only then to himself, followed by blessings and good wishes for him and his horse to be invincible and overcome all obstacles. Keywords: Shors stories, heroes, epics, naming ceremony, blessings, epic characters (alyp) | 1456 | |||||
| 567 | Folklore collections usually complement ethnographic studies, as folklore provides ethnographers with valuable sources of information. Extracting and analyzing different types of text information is a well-known technique in the humanities. Therefore, it is promising to use folklore as a source for exploring and interpreting cultural values. This article uses a value-based approach to the study of culture. It aims to examine the folklore of ethnic groups in Kenya and neighboring regions as a source for identifying and interpreting sociocultural values. The main contribution of this article to a model for teaching Russian as a foreign language in educational institutions in Kenya is to give an idea of the traditional values of the peoples of Kenya and to show the importance of folklore for teaching as it appears in the fairy tales of peoples around the world. African fairy tales convey certain morals and reflect ancestor worship, beliefs in spirits, talismans, and the forces of nature. Since it is difficult to obtain information directly from the peoples of Kenya, the idea of using folklore to interpret cultural values seems quite promising, especially given the efforts of the Kenyan intelligentsia to focus the attention of urbanized Kenyan youth on their native culture while they receive their school and university education in English. The article discusses examples of applying ethnographic analysis to African fairy tale material to interpret sociocultural values. It suggests that folklore reflects the combination of universal and ethno-national values in a particular way: The examples of values considered are universal, but their expression is ethnic. Keywords: prosaic folklore of Kenyan ethnic groups, culture, value-based approach, ethnographic analysis, interpretation of values | 1455 | |||||
| 568 | The article is devoted to identifying and describing Khakass-Mongolian lexical correspondences in the field of marital kinship terms. In contrast to kinship terms, the main feature of the content of these terms is “foreignness.” However, since the family is the most valuable mini-society in the traditional perception of Turks and Mongolians, the representatives of marital kinship are conceptualized as ‘their own.’ We conducted a synchroniccomparative and lexical-semantic analysis of six terms of marital kinship. In the analysis, structural-semantic features and the standard and special properties of these terms were identified in each studied language, and their characterological and etymological information was presented. Based on the definition analysis of the dictionary entries, lexical parallels with a completely matching semantic structure / with an incompletely matching semantic structure were identified. A distinctive feature of this vocabulary layer is the branching and overlapping of its meanings (polysemy) and polyfunctionality, which reflects the ethnic uniqueness of people’s mentality, the activity of interaction between the members of an extended family, as well as the transformation processes of family interactions of the members of a mini-community. Although a considerable number of studies deal with kinship terms in the Turkic-Mongolian speech community, a comparative analysis of specifically Khakass-Mongolian material has not yet been conducted. The relevance of our study lies in closing this gap. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the presentation of the occurrence of these terms in these languages, the identification of common and distinct properties, and the identification of cases of semantic syncretism. The work uses descriptive, comparative-typological, lexical-semantic, and definitional methods. The theoretical and methodological basis for the study is the work of famous linguists – typologists: V. Rassadin, A. Burykin, A. Shcherbak, B. Tatarintsev, A. Dybo, N. Dyrenkova, and others. The material for the analysis was collected from bilingual and etymological lexicographical sources. To illustrate the semantic features of some related terms, examples from popular texts and fiction of the Khakass are given. Our study’s results can substantiate the comparative data on the cognates of the Turkic-Mongolian language community. Keywords: Khakass language, Mongolian language, cognates, lexical parallels, semantics, comparative aspect | 1453 | |||||
| 569 | The paper considers deverbal nouns with nominalization markers -кӣт, -дяк, -вун. Their meaning and use are considered. The study is based on the corpus of oral stories in Evenki as well as on Evenki newspapers, and on texts translated from Russian. The focus of the study is the mechanism as to how the attributive use appears. The action -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalizations occur mostly in recent newspaper texts, whereas in oral stories, locative nominalizations in -кӣт, -дяк and instrumental/resultative nominalizations in -вун can be found. Nominalizations in the attributive position were also found in newspaper texts and texts of the XXI century translated from Russian. We claim that the attributive use of nominalizations under consideration was the consequence of the lack of adjectives with an abstract relational meaning, such as ‘medical’ or ‘preparatory’. The nouns in -кӣт, -дяк, -вун are morphologically nouns, and syntactically they preserve the verbal subcategorization property, and require an Accusative noun. Based on the data of the Accusative object of the verbal stem, we proposed that the -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalizations are phrasal (the VP consisting of the verb stem and its object gets nominalized). The nominalization markers -кӣт, -дяк, -вун are NP heads. In the attributive use, the nominalization markers undergoes further grammaticalization and semantic erosion, and becomes the attributivity marker, or relator. The relator links the predicative/attributive word (the -кӣт, -дяк, -вун nominalization) to its subject (the noun). The attributive structure emerges from the predicative structure: these two structures are considered as related and consisting of subject and predicate. To illustrate the derivations, generative grammar structures are used. Keywords: nominalization, locative, attributive, deverbal noun, Evenki | 1449 | |||||
| 570 | The article examines the image of the historical motherland formed in the historical memory of the Siberian population. Memoirs are one of the forms of preservation and translation of this image. The different types of memoir texts form the source base of this study. The memoirs written by residents of the Tomsk region in the second half of the XX–beginning of the XXI century are analyzed. The authors of the narratives are the children of post-reform migrants and special settlers of the 1930s. The image of the historical homeland is considered in the spatiotemporal coordinates determined by the structure of historical memory. The author of the article concludes that the image of the historical homeland in the memoir texts appears in spatial coordinates that have a regional dimension. The features of natural and climatic conditions and socio-economic development complement it. The historical homeland appears in the memoirs as a geographical region with a historical past that became part of the family's biography. A look at the texts of the memoirs showed that the image of the historical homeland is perceived differently depending on whether they are voluntary migrants or displaced people. The image of the historical homeland in the memoirs of the special migrants is painted exclusively in a positive light. The anchoring of a positive image in the historical memory of this group of migrants is related to the cultural trauma caused by forced resettlement and the hardships associated with settling in a new place. On the other hand, the image of the historical homeland in the texts of the descendants of the post-Reformation settlers is rather mosaic. Although the positive features predominate, some “shortcomings” are also mentioned. Despite a certain temporal and territorial distance of the ancestral homeland felt by modern Siberians, it is perceived as a native space, a historical motherland with which they are firmly connected. Keywords: historical motherland, historical memory, post-reform migrants, special settlers, Siberia, Tomsk region, memoirs | 1435 | |||||
| 571 | The article examines the names of butterflies in the Altai language from the point of view of their morphological and lexical-semantic features. The relevance of the study lies in the lack of knowledge of this lexicalsemantic group of words. The work uses descriptive, comparative methods as well as methods of morphological, lexical-semantic, and motivational analysis. The novelty of the study lies in the identification of the composition of the vocabulary denoted by butterflies, in the study of the internal form of these insectonyms, the main methods of naming and word formation models, in the determination of the national and cultural characteristics of this lexical-semantic group in the Altai language. The generic name kӧbӧlӧk ‘butterfly’ belongs to the general Turkic vocabulary, while the specific names are Altai. Certain stereotypes about butterflies have developed in the popular consciousness of Altai people: a negative attitude towards nocturnal butterfly species, which are ‘ugly in color,’ and daytime butterflies which ‘harm plants.’ Some names of butterflies reflect the mythological idea that butterflies are creatures created by the deity of the underworld. These insectonyms include various mythonyms associated with the shamanic and pagan beliefs of the Altai people. In the fiction of the Altai people, the butterfly is a symbol of beauty, lightness, and freedom. Various lexical-semantic features and word formation models characterize the names of the butterflies. Decisive for naming butterflies were the characteristics of color, habitat, action, their similarity to other representatives of the fauna, and some mythologies that connect these insects with the other world. When naming butterflies, a distinction is made between one-part and mostly two-part (compound) words, which are formed using suffixes and analytical methods. When forming insectonyms, the most productive suffixes are -chy/-che, -ak/-ek/-k, -gash. Between the components of the actual complex compound names of insects, the attributive or isafetic connection is the most characteristic. Lexicalization, conversion with affixation (konokchy, talbyŋduush), and calquing (kachangash ‘butterfly lands on cabbage’) can be observed in the word-formation of this entomological group of vocabulary. The material studied can be used in the compilation of translation, explanation, and terminology dictionaries of the Altai language, which constitutes the practical value of this article. Keywords: Altai language, lexicology, word formation, lexical-semantic group, motivation, internal form of the word, insectonyms, insects, zoonyms, butterflies, fauna of the Altai Mountains | 1431 | |||||
| 572 | The study of folklore is gradually moving beyond the traditional boundaries of its existence. It is known that folklore in general and regional folklore in particular was determined by its presence, its spread in the countryside, in the regions of republics, or regions. Traditional folk art, traditional culture as a whole was born, developed, preserved, and passed on from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation in the village. However, the subculture created in the villages – the culture of the Bashkir people – is transferred by its bearers to the urban environment, especially in the period of active urban movement. The introduction of the study consists in the fact that an attempt was made to identify and study urban Bashkir folklore in its particular post-folkloric manifestation and locus refraction, when yesterday's villagers, who have lived in the city for more than 40–50 years, have preserved in their memory the very folkloric traditions that they have imbibed with their mother's milk in their small homeland – in the villages of the republic's regions. To this end, the working group of the Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla conducted a folklore expedition through the city of Ufa in the summer of 2022. The relevance of the study is increased by the prospects of the project when it becomes necessary to include the folklore of other large cities of the region in this analysis. The aim of the study is to identify the original Bashkir folklore that has been preserved in the urban environment. To achieve this goal, tasks such as studying and analyzing the materials collected during the expedition were solved, taking into account the degree of their preservation in the memory of the informants, their distinctive features, and originality based on authentic examples. Analytical, textological, and descriptive studies were used as methods. As a result, the samples recorded during the expeditionary journey around Ufa were considered, and the peculiarities and features of the presence of folk songs, takmaks, were revealed. Conclusions. Thus, summing up, the article concludes that locus samples of oral folk art are constantly preserved in the memory of people who have experienced the process of urbanization. In their cultural memory, they draw on the lingering folk songs, takmaks, and legends associated with the traditions of their small homeland. Keywords: folklore, post-folklore, urban processes, locus, subculture, people, Bashkir folklore, urban cultural landscape, song, takmaks, informants | 1425 | |||||
| 573 | This article presents the results of a study of deictic (indicative) particles in the Khakass language. Deictic particles, like other indicative words, act as words that serve to determine the degree of remoteness of an object relative to the position of the speaker (“deictic center”). Each language has its own (binomial, trinomial and more) system for determining the degree of remoteness of the subject relative to the deictic center. In the Khakass language, the degree of remoteness of objects relative to the speaking person is determined through a threeterm system: proximal (“closer to the speaking person”), medial (“a little further from the speaking person”) and extreme (“far from the speaking person”). Unlike deictic locative adverbs and pronouns, deictic particles have a convergence of medial and extreme deixis: for the mna particle, the near deixis is the key, and for tigine and ana, the far deixis is the key. In addition, these particles are often used together with the corresponding series of deictic adverbs, deictic pronouns and other words to clarify the idea of indication, general assessment of the situation, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the object, etc. An anaphoric function is characteristic of the particle ana in combination with words expressing a spatial and temporal interval. Keywords: deictic particles, clarifying function, general assessment of the situation, accentuating function, anaphoric function, Khakass language | 1420 | |||||
| 574 | The article analyzes the autobiographical short novels of Veps prose by V. Pulkin and A. Petukhov as valuable sources of historical-ethnographic material. The theoretical basis for the study is formed by the works of I. Vinokurova, N. Krinichnaya and I. Spiridonova. The study is guided by the need to bring new sources about the life of the Veps people into the scientific discourse. The methodology is based on a systematic approach using the methods of comparative historical, structural semiotic, and holistic textual analysis. The tasks for the study were: Identification and characterization of the main mythological figures in the Veps prose, description of the ethnographic elements (architecture, life routines, rites), and evaluation of the representativeness of the literary material. One of the contemporary problems is the integration of narrative forms and the transformation of the data obtained from them for use in various scientific fields. The literature of the Veps was studied by N. Zaitseva, A. Mishina, Z. Strogalshchikova, but the ethnographic elements, and mythological figures, which are part of the culture of this ethnic minority, remained in the periphery of theoretical conceptualization. The scientific novelty consists in the inclusion of ethnographic tropes in the analytical context of studies of ethnic minority literature. In analyzing the prose of Veps writers, the author identified and characterized mythological figures: Mecizand (the forest master spirit), Kodinizand (the house master spirit), Ičheine (one's own soul), Vedehiine (the water master spirit). The article briefly describes the ethnographic elements of the Veps culture found in the short novels: Home interiors, Rites, and Beliefs. It is stated that Veps' prose is based on the principles of topicality, historicism, autobiographism, and commemoration. The ethnographic elements and mythological characters in the short novels of V. Pulkin and A. Petukhov are authentic, confirmed by scientific findings from historical, geographical, and other sources. Fiction can provide science material but with deductions for the fantasy element. Keywords: prose, Veps people, literature, mythology, masters | 1411 | |||||
| 575 | This article deals with the semantics of lexemes with the meaning ‘straight(ly)’ (e.g., about the direction of motion) in the Tatyshly subdialect of Udmurt (Peripheral-Southern dialect, Southern variety). Methodologically, the study is follows the frame-based approach to lexical typology, which presupposes the investigation of lexical semantics through collocational analysis. The majority of the data was collected by elicitation in the Tatyshly district of the Republic of Bashkortostan (the villages of Nizhnebaltachevo, Staryj Kyzyl-Jar, Ivanovka, Novye Tatyshly, Starokal’mijarovo as well as Verkhnebaltachevo, Bigineevo, Aribash, Urazgil’dy). In addition, the text corpus collected in the field was used, and as a broader background, the data of some other varieties of Udmurt, mainly from dictionaries and corpora, were taken into account. The material from Udmurt is compared with typological generalizations about the lexemes with the meaning ‘straight(ly)’. I show that the meaning in question in Tatyshly Udmurt can be expressed by the lexeme šon′er (and its derivative šon′erak) and by the lexeme ves′ak. I analyze the distributional differences between these lexemes in the contexts in which they describe a straight line with different topological properties and motion along a straight line. Their abstract uses are also systematized. I discuss the secondary development of the meaning ‘straight(ly),’ which is typologically sophisticated: šon′er is probably related to the Proto-Uralic root for ‘good, healthy’ (and has no obvious cognates among the lexemes referring to a straight line in other Uralic languages). At the same time, ves′ak is derived from a universal quantifier ves′ borrowed from Russian. The quantificational semantics is fundamental to ves′ak in other Udmurt varieties for which detailed data are available. In Tatyshly Udmurt, however, it is unproductive and replaced by a narrower class of usages referring to a straight line. Keywords: Uralic languages, Udmurt language, Tatyshly subdialect, lexical typology, semantics, polysemy | 1408 | |||||
| 576 | Based on the analysis of various ethnographic data and the author's field material, this article examines the use of snow for economic activities and a range of socio-cultural practices of the Yakuts in the mid-19th and 21st centuries. The principles of cryosophy and cryoanthropology, which suggest a positive perception of cold and the cryogenic processes and phenomena that accompany it, served as the methodological basis for the study, as did the increased attention given to the analysis of the role of cryogenic resources in the life of northern communities. We analyzed documents from the collections of the Irkutsk Region State Archives, the Scientific Archives of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Manuscript Fund of the Archives of the Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, information from scientific literature, and materials collected during the 2017–2023 expedition works in the Amginsky, Olekminsky, Srednekolymsky, Tattinsky, and Khangalassky administrative regions of Yakutia. As a result of the conducted work, it was found that snow is a source of drinking and industrial water, also it serves as a means of insulation of residential and commercial buildings, and cleaning things. Snow has found a wide application in the economic practices of the representatives of the ethnic group: Hunting, fishing, agriculture, livestock and horse breeding, and in making transportation connections. There are also a number of ethnic peculiarities in the use of snow. In particular, the Yakuts did not use snow to construct their houses. At the same time, the nature of settlement by the representatives of the ethnic group and their preference for lakes led to the emergence of a number of unique traditional winter practices based on the use of snow. It should be noted that over time, with socio-economic, cultural, and technological development, snow, as a resource for ensuring the life of the representatives of the Yakut ethnic group, began to lose its position. It is concluded that the current stage, in addition to the preservation of a number of well-known household methods, is characterized by the actualization of the importance of snow in general, cryogenic processes, and phenomena as a resource that forms the tourist potential of Yakutia. Keywords: Cryoanthropology, Indigenous Peoples of the Arctic, Yakuts, Yakutia, cryogenic resources, snow, economic activities, sociocultural practices | 1403 | |||||
| 577 | Research results on infant and child mortality in the second half of the 19th century and its causes among immigrants from Central Asia are presented. Although they were representatives of different nationalities (Tajiks, Uzbeks, Uyghurs, Karakalpaks, Kazakhs), in Siberia, they were combined into one ethnosocial group and referred to as Bukharians and Sarts. The Bukharians lived mainly together with the Yezaks and the military service Tatars; there are even two Bukharian settlements in the Tobolsk district – the Komarovskie (Komarau) and Mirimovskie (Kollar) yurts. The research materials are Komarov mosque books from the 19th and early 20th centuries of the Tobolsk province, written in the old Tatar language with Arabic script. So far, there are no studies dealing with the problem of mortality among the 19th-century Siberian Tatars, which is the novelty of this work. Our data show that the total mortality rate in the period under study (1835–1852, 1854–1862) amounted to 94% of the birth rate, of which children accounted for 55%. The quantitative component of deaths by age is shown: Newborns (from birth to one month) – 8 %, from one month to one year – 26 %, from one year to 5 years – 49 %, from 6 years to 16 years – 17 %. The most common causes of death were respiratory diseases (suffocation, asthma, consumption, cough), and the second most common causes of death were infectious diseases (smallpox, measles, rubella, jaundice, fever, leprosy). In 29 cases, the cause of death was given as “childhood illness”; the age of the deceased ranged from 2 days to 15 years, but most (90 %) were infants under one-year-old. The worst year in terms of the number of deaths was 1842 (12 children were born, 22 died, the most “dangerous” was the age of children from 1 to 5 years – 12 deaths (55%). The high child mortality rate (especially in infancy) was characteristic of Russia in general. The analysis of the causes of infant and child mortality in Western Siberia in the 19th and early 20th centuries allows us to determine the chronological framework of the outbreak periods of diseases and epidemics, to identify diseases typical for the region, to correlate the interpretations of the names of diseases (characterization of the cause of death by the imam, variable records, dialect names, and pronunciation). Keywords: Tobolsk province, Komarovskaya mosque, Muslim metric books, mosque books, demographic processes, causes of death | 1396 | |||||
| 578 | The article deals with the actual use of Mari idioms in the old diasporas of Bashkortostan. The Mari population settled in the region at the end of the XVI – middle of the XVIII century. Today, the Mari live in compact groups in several districts of Bashkortostan and form the strongest diaspora group outside the Republic of Mari El. Research focuses on the functioning of Mari idioms in Bashkortostan. The Mari idioms in Bashkortostan have not yet been the subject of a comprehensive sociolinguistic study which determines scientific significance of the research. The situation of these idioms is particularly worrying and urgently requires a sociolinguistic study. The data come from field research conducted in 2024 in three districts of Bashkortostan, where the compact Mari population lives: Mishkino, Kaltasy, and Sharan. The methodology used in the present and previous research included a number of the following methods: observation, questionnaire (survey), in-depth and semistructured interviews, interview documentation, and statistical data analysis. The field research was conducted in small and large villages and the regional administrative centers of cities. Representatives of different age groups participated in the survey, and the sample comprised more than 200 respondents. In this way, meaningful information about the functioning of Mari idioms in Bashkortostan was obtained: areas of use, language loyalty of speakers, preservation of idioms by age cohorts and ethnolocal groups (Mishkino, Kaltasy, Sharan Maris in the sample), intergenerational language transmission, etc. This paper is the first in a series of articles dedicated to the Mari idioms of Bashkortostan. The article examines the function of Mari idioms in intra-family communication, the education system, and the local mass media. The influence of the language used in preschool educational institutions on language practice in the Mari community is also examined. The article also looks at the function of Mari idioms in Mari traditional cultural and religious practices in the region. Keywords: Mari idioms, ethnic language, old diaspora, language situation in Bashkortostan, sociolinguistic study, function of language, family language policy, language in education, intergenerational language transmission, speech practices | 1394 | |||||
| 579 | The archeological work of A.P. Dulzon in the catchment area of the river Ket from 1952 onwards has lost no scientific relevance to this day. He paved the way for many decades for historical and cultural studies in the Ket River region. To date, the Ket River has been insufficiently explored from an archeological perspective. Its tributaries on the right bank, which are characterized by a considerable length, remain a “blank spot” on the map of the Tomsk region, as they are difficult to access. In 2020, archeologists organized an exploratory expedition to the Orlovka River, one of the largest tributaries of the right bank of the river Ket. This watercourse has been wellknown to Russians since the 17th century. It is mentioned by travelers and explorers and is recorded in early cartographic materials. In the 1930s, an Evenki nomadic village council was established in its catchment area, which practiced a nomadic farming lifestyle until the 1980s. The main task of the reconnaissance in 2020 was to verify the information of the local population about the presence of archeological sites in the middle and upper reaches of the Orlovka River. Two large settlement complexes were discovered based on the work results. One was located on the banks of the Tura River, the other – at the mouth of the Vtoraya Rechka river. The latter complex includes a fortified settlement with a circular defense system. The dating question of these monuments has not yet been clarified. Random finds from the settlement on the Vtoraya Rechka river indicate that one of the periods in which it was in operation was the late Middle Ages and possibly the modern period. According to written sources, this fragment of the Ket River region was inhabited by the population of the Ostyak Pitkin volost in the 17th to 19th centuries. Most likely, the operation of the settlement complex during this period can be associated with this population group. The results of the 2020 reconnaissance indicate the archeological potential of the right bank of the Ket River and the need to conduct targeted field studies here. Keywords: Ket river region, Ket uyezd, Pitkin volost, Ket river, Orlovka river, archeology, ethnography, Evenks, settlement, fortified settlement | 1382 | |||||
| 580 | So far, the semantics of Yakut and Altaic color names have not been analyzed from the anthropocentric perspective of semantic change. The study aims to show the universal and ethnic peculiarities in the semantic divergence and convergence of Yakut and Altaic color names. The analysis of the semantic structure of basic color lexemes in Yakut and Altaic languages revealed both common and specific features. Both Yakut and Altaic color names develop derivational-referential, figurative, and phraseological meanings as a result of divergent and convergent development and expansion of semantics. For the first time, the semantic divergence and convergence in Yakut and Altaic color names are examined. The analysis of lexical and phraseological polysemy shows divergence and convergence in the semantic change of lexical units. The anthropocentrism of semantic change in Yakut and Altaic color names is revealed when phrasemes develop a figurative meaning due to structural separability, and complete or partial reinterpretation of their constituents. The general research method is inductiondeduction, and the linguistic methods include componential analysis, the method of phraseological identification, and the comparative analysis of Yakut and Altaic color names. The analysis of dictionary entries in lexicographic and phraseographic sources was used to describe the semantic structure of lexical and phraseological units. It was found that Yakut and Altaic, as related languages, have more universal than ethnically specific color names, as they both belong to the Eastern Hun branch of the Turkic language, while ethnically specific color names are determined by lifestyle and climate. The continuous accumulation of research material on related and unrelated languages and the breakthroughs in information technology keep the interest in the further development of this problem alive. The research material can be used in theoretical lectures and practical courses on comparative linguistics. Keywords: anthropocentrism, color names, Yakut, Altai, lexical and phraseological unit, divergence and convergence of semantic change | 1375 | |||||
| 581 | This article examines the harvesting strategies and methods of firewood utilization developed by the lowpopulation indigenous peoples of the Arctic – the Northern Selkups – as they adapted to local climatic conditions and the socio-economic and technological changes that time brought to their lives. The Selkups' traditional life support system did not involve the procurement of large quantities of firewood each season; firewood was stored for a short period of time. Selkups’ fishing camps were built where firewood was available. The Selkups of the Middle Taz who lived in the forest-tundra, unlike their relatives of the Upper Taz who lived in the taiga zone, often had a shortage of quality fuel and had to make greater efforts to procure firewood. The strategy of regularly replenishing the small supply of firewood obtained near the house is still used by the Selkups, who run a traditional economy, during the summer. However, the strategies for obtaining firewood in winter have changed among all northern Selkups: From the Russians, Selkups adopted the principle of amassing a large winter supply of firewood. In the procurement of firewood, the Selkups developed new relationships with the state, which supported them in the form of social organizations. There were major changes for all Selkups in the technical part of fuel procurement strategies: chainsaws, which are now used to prepare firewood, and snowmobiles, motorcycles, motorboats, trucks, caracats (ATVs) on which they are delivered, entered everyday life. Among the Selkups, firewood is not only used for heating and cooking. It is involved in a variety of economic activities, each of which uses its own technology and method of combustion. Keywords: Northern Selkups, fuel procurement strategies, firewood, heating, cooking, traditions, innovations | 1374 | |||||
| 582 | Folklore texts and ethnographic descriptions are the most important basis for modeling worldview, especially among non-literate and early literate peoples. An interdisciplinary situational approach is proposed as one of the modeling strategies, combining the methods and resources of different disciplines, e.g., linguistics, cultural anthropology, and folklore. The essence of the interdisciplinary situational approach is that folklore and ethnographic texts are analyzed for the presence of ethnolinguistic situations, the components of which are identified and interpreted using the methodological apparatus of different disciplines. Language contributes to the detailed interpretation of the meaning of the situation and helps to define boundaries. It is no coincidence that communication is one of the features of ethnolinguistic situations because language events and language situations are indeed part of them. The “ethno-” component is associated with the description of a particular ethnic group, but does not prevent typological comparisons. Every ethnolinguistic situation presupposes participants and is based on their activity, i.e. on a certain meaningful action. In folklore, the ethnolinguistic situation correlates with a motif, which is understood as a segmental event, a relatively independent, complete, and relatively elementary segment of the narrative. The motif functions as an organizing moment of the plot movement and brings its meaning to the content of the plot and is also a characteristic feature or dominant idea of a literary composition (Kim, 2015: 28). When we combine data from different disciplines to understand the ethnolinguistic situation, we obtain a special interdisciplinary unit that allows us to interpret folklore or ethnographic data as much as possible and model a picture of the world based on them. The study aims to test an interdisciplinary situational approach to the interpretation of a fragment of the worldview of the peoples of Siberia using the example of several conflict situations in the folklore of the Selkups and Khants. A folklore work is rarely complete without conflict situations. The situation is a unit of the folklore text. The ethnocultural analysis of the components of the situation makes it possible to identify details that are important for further typological research into the folklore of the Siberian region. Keywords: conflict, interdisciplinary approach, ethnolinguistic situation, folklore of the Selkups and Khanty, worldview | 1373 | |||||
| 583 | The article proposes the etymology of the suffix -qxiə, which is part of several morphologically complex verbal grammatical markers of the Tundra Nenets language. In recent publications, most of these forms use the terms probabilitative or probabilistic. The probabilitative suffix denotes an epistemic estimate based on common knowledge. This suffix has a non-trivial morphological position in the Tundra Nenets language: it is used as the second component in compound markers, the first component of which may be a morpheme based on suffixes of the perfective or imperfective participle. Conversely, no morphemes other than personal suffixes can be used after participial suffixes in the Tundra Nenets language. Grammatical markers historically related to Tundra Nenets -qxiə are found in the Forest Enets and Nganasan languages. In the Forest Enets language, the cognate morpheme is also part of a compound affix where the preceding component goes back to a participial suffix, as in the Tundra Nenets language. In Nganasan, the cognate marker with the same meaning is a syntactically independent element that can be used either as a particle attached to any finite verb form or as an auxiliary that marks the main verb with a connegative suffix. The nontrivial morphological position of the marker in the Tundra Nenets language and its cognate in the Forest Enets language suggests that the forms under consideration in these languages also derive from auxiliary constructions. At the same time, the structure and grammatical form of the elements of these constructions have developed independently in each of the three languages. Keywords: Etymology, verbal morphology, Northern Samoyedic languages, Tundra Nenets language, Enets language, Nganasan language | 1371 | |||||
| 584 | The paper examines classifier constructions to express chaining reciprocals in Russian Sign Language. Typological studies of reciprocity show that the chaining reciprocal can be mediated by markers of prototypical reciprocal meaning or by special markers. As a visual modality language, Russian Sign Language has unique and iconic means of expressing reciprocal meaning. Studies on reciprocity in sign language show that classifier constructions are used to describe chaining situations. Classifiers are morphologically complex signs that some researchers consider to be a mixture of signs and gestures. It is, therefore, to be expected that the chaining reciprocal semantics in sign languages can be described in a more iconic and complex way than in spoken languages. The results of this study, which was carried out using corpus data and elicited data, show that three types of classifier constructions are used in Russian sign language for spatial chaining situations: They represent the process of forming a chain of objects, the presence of the chain and the movement of the chain. 19% of the sentences contain two types of classifier constructions that always occur in a specific order. These three classifier constructions can be applied to at least 15 classifier handshapes. Not all parameters of these classifier constructions are equally mandatory and important. The mandatory elements of these constructions are the position and function of the dominant and non-dominant hand and the movement of the trajectory from the beginning to the end of the chain. In addition, the wholeness of the discontinuity of the chain can be expressed by reduplication. The secondary movement and orientation are very iconic and depend on the characteristics of the situation. The use of these parameters to describe the characteristics of objects and their placement and movement varies greatly between informants, which can be explained by the fact that these parameters are closer to the gesture than to the linguistic element of the classification construction. Keywords: Russian sign language, reciprocal, reciprocal concatenation, classifiers, classifier constructions, dominant hand, non-dominant hand, reduplication, hand configuration, movement, orientation | 1363 | |||||
| 585 | The article considers data from Sakha that marks an approximate quantity in numerical constructions. The article describes a system of such markers. First, I analyze the available data from published sources and represent the inventory of markers in Sakha. In particular, I have described the marker igin (игин), for which there is no data both in the grammatical descriptions known to me and in the dictionaries. I have refined the data on the other approximate quantity markers in comparison with the literature. I also described the surface morphosyntax of such constructions (linear position in a quantified expression, in particular, the ability to occur between the elements of a complex quantifier). The investigation revealed two different strategies of word order in numerical constructions. Second, I analyzed the contexts with other classes of numerals and some syntactic categories beyond quantified expressions with cardinal numerals. As this part of my investigation has shown, imprecise quantity markers in Sakha are incompatible with ordinal numerals (except for igin). The morphosyntactic properties of an approximative quantity marker хас (xas) have also been described. These properties distinguish it from other operators that mark an approximate quantity. Third, I examined the cross-category properties of the markers in question. It was shown that the markers kurduk (курдук), saɣa (саҕа), and keriŋe (кэриҥэ) can function as equatives (marking the standard of comparison). In this usage, saɣa and keriŋe are also restricted to quantitative contexts, while the distribution of kurduk is much broader. It has been shown that kurduk acquires an epistemic modal function in combination with non-finite verbal forms. The corresponding data were analyzed in terms of scales and pragmatic halos resulting from the framework presented in [Lasersohn 1999]. Finally, it was shown that different types of scales are available for the approximate markers analyzed in this paper. Keywords: Sakha, quantified expressions, comparative constructions, numerals, approximation, equatives, scales | 1363 | |||||
| 586 | . | 1354 | |||||
| 587 | The algorithms for the correlation of vocal and consonant components of the sound structure of a soft-order word form are investigated using material from the Turkic languages of Southern Siberia and the Mongolian languages of Russia and Mongolia. According to the results of the auditory and instrumental analysis, four models of the implementation of the category of softness were identified in the Turkic and Mongolian languages, the selection of which is based on the presence of either a class of phonemes of the mediolingual and medio-interlingual articulatory series in the consonant system (the 1st and 2nd correlation model are implemented in all Turkic languages considered except Khakass and Mongolian–Kalmyk) or a class of palatalized units with different phonemic status (3rd and 4th model in Khakass, Khori-Buryat, Khalkha-Mongolian). The 1st model is characterized by the acoustic effect of a strong or moderate softness of the consonant: mediolingual and medio-interlingual consonants can only be combined with vowels of the front row. The 2nd model is realized with the acoustic effect of a weak or super-weak palatalization: frontlingual, interlingual, and backlingual consonants require vowels of the central, central-back, or mixed articulatory series after them. The 3rd model is used in soft-order word forms with vowels of the front articulatory series that have a regressive assimilative effect on the preceding consonant and cause its strong or moderate palatalization. The 4th model is used in word forms with non-frontal vowels of a soft synharmonic series (central, central-back, and mixed-row) that cause only a weak palatalization of a prepositive consonant. The obvious material and structural similarity of phonico-phonological systems, a unified typology of the principles of formation of the phonetic appearance of the word form in the South Siberian Turkic and Mongolian languages have developed in the process of long-term contacts of ethnic groups and their languages in different areas of their distribution and in different periods of historical development. Keywords: South Siberian Turkic languages, Mongolian languages, phonetics, vocalism, consonantism, palatality, palatalization, correlation models | 1353 | |||||
| 588 | This article presents a study of subjects in participle -(e)m constructions (in the context of their use as sentential arguments) in the Tatyshly dialect of the Udmurt language. The research material was collected during linguistic expeditions of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics (Lomonosov MSU) in the Tatyshly region of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2022–2023. One of the main aspects of this research is the syntactic status of unmarked subjects. In E. Georgieva’s research, such subjects in Udmurt and other languages are interpreted as incorporated nominal stems. Based on a number of features exhibited by unmarked subjects in argument participial constructions in Tatyshy Udmurt, I conclude that the incorporation approach does not apply to my data. In particular, unmarked subjects can be modified by adjectives, numerals, and demonstratives. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the correlation between the properties of unmarked subjects and the syntactic position of the sentential argument. I suggest that when the sentential argument occupies the subject or direct object position, its unmarked subject remains caseless and represents a small nominal. In other cases, the unmarked subject of the sentential argument is a complete noun phrase and is in the nominative case. First, when the sentential argument takes the subject or direct object positions, personal pronouns, proper nouns, and animate nouns denoting people cannot be unmarked subjects; however, this is allowed for other sentential arguments. Secondly, with sentential arguments not occupying the subject or direct object positions, the unmarked subject can take on nominal morphology. Thirdly, unmarked subjects in sentential arguments that occupy the subject or direct object positions are restricted in their ability to move away from the participle, unlike unmarked subjects in other sentential actants. Keywords: sentential argument, unmarked subject, Udmurt language, Tatyshly dialect, small nominal | 1344 | |||||
| 589 | The article is dedicated to the visual record of the traditional culture of the Kets, one of the numerically small peoples of the Krasnoyarsk region. The history of drawings (using the example of an illustration from the book by I. G. Georgi) and photographic records of the Kets is considered, beginning with the expeditions of V. I. Anuchin (1905–1909) and F. Nansen (1913) and ending with the expeditions of A. P. Dulzon (1950s–1960s); references are given to the holdings in archives and online collections of museums where photo collections are kept. Fifteen films and videos about the Kets, shot between 1978 and 2021 and found in open sources and archives, are described and analyzed from the perspective of visual anthropology. The filming locations, the first and last names of the Ket language speakers who appear on screen, the video and audio sequence of the films, the characteristics of the direction, and the author’s position on the prospects of the development (or extinction) of the Ket language and traditional Ket culture as a whole are analyzed. The author’s video footage taken during his expeditions to the Ket in 2004–2005 is also considered. All the films examined are presented in a table that includes the year of release, the date, the name of the directors and the name of the studio that produced the film, the language (Russian, Ket), and a link to the film or its trailer or synopsis in open sources on the Internet. The author concludes that the Ket culture has maintained its representation on screen despite its relative neglect by filmmakers compared to neighboring peoples (Nenets, Evenks, and Selkups). The conclusion is that the photographic and video records devoted to the Ket language and culture need to be further studied from the perspective of visual anthropology, including data from the informants’ personal photo and video archives. The article may be of interest to ethnologists, folklorists, and specialists in visual anthropology. Keywords: photography, filmmaking, videography, Kets, visual anthropology | 1340 | |||||
| 590 | The article presents a collective portrait of the nuns and novices of the Tomsk monastery of St. John the Baptist from 1869 to 1917. The basis for the analysis is the lists of the monastery's residents for the given period. They are studied using the methods of prosopographic research, which allows us to determine from which places the women and girls came to the monastery, what social status and origin they had, what education they received, what activities they pursued in the monastery, as well as to trace the dynamics of changes in their status in the community. It turned out that most of the monastery's residents came from different regions of Siberia. However, among the novices and nuns were also those who had moved to Western Siberia from the regions of European Russia – immigrants to Siberia and novices, nuns who had been sent to the Tomsk monastery by the decision of the hierarchy. Among the residents, most were unmarried girls who had chosen to enter the convent. Widows were represented to a lesser extent. Women and girls of peasant origin and middle-class women dominated the class composition. However, origin from the lower classes did not affect the status of the resident women in the community. It was not determined by origin but by skills and abilities. Education was of particular importance, and the leadership of the monastic community encouraged the teaching of nuns to read and write. This enabled these nuns and novices to serve in the temple and also to teach at the monastery's theological school, whose work was an important part of the monastery's social service. The composition of the monastic community was stable, and the average length of stay of a resident in the monastery was 15 years or more. There were extremely rare cases of a sister leaving the convent. At the same time, the journey from a "probationary sister" to a nun could take ten years or more, as the age for taking religious vows was prescribed. Thus, the spiritual growth of the residents took place over many years, combined with the development of new skills and increasing education. Keywords: prosopography, prosopographical method, lists of nuns, Tomsk monastery of St. John the Baptist, monasticism, nun | 1334 | |||||
| 591 | The article considers the problem of linguistic integration of the Russian population in the national republics of the Russian Federation based on the data of the all-Russian censuses of 2002, 2010, and 2020. A new perspective on the phenomenon of linguistic integration is proposed, focusing on the process of mastering the state languages of the national republics of the Russian population. It is emphasized that this approach allows us to go beyond the understanding of linguistic integration as a purely applied adaptation process characteristic of migrants and to consider it as a factor in the formation of cultural identity and mental characteristics of native speakers. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is a comprehensive analysis of statistical data from censuses in combination with a qualitative interpretation of the results, taking into account sociolinguistic, ethno-demographic, and historical factors. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods makes it possible to obtain a multidimensional picture of the linguistic integration of Russians in the national republics and to identify their regional characteristics. The most important quantitative parameters of the Russian population’s mastery of the republics’ title languages are shown, the dynamics of these indicators are traced over two decades, and comparative analyses are carried out for different regions. The study results show that the degree of linguistic integration of Russians in different republics is very different, which only partially correlates with the proportion of the Russian population and the dynamics of their numbers. It is concluded that the linguistic integration of the Russian population in the national republics is influenced by a complex of factors, including the peculiarities of the ethno-demographic structure, the degree of urbanization, the nature of the language situation, the language policy in the regions, etc. It turns out that a high level of proficiency in Russian in the titular language is characteristic of republics with a relatively small share of the Russian population and a high degree of participation in interethnic interactions. In most republics, the level of Russian proficiency in the titular languages remains consistently low, but in some regions (Chechnya and Tyva), there has been a significant increase in the corresponding indicators. These data show the potential for the linguistic integration of the Russian population under certain socio-cultural conditions and the need for a differentiated approach to language policy in various regions of Russia. The results obtained can be used to improve state language policy and optimize interethnic relations in the multiethnic regions of Russia. The prospects for further research are connected with a deeper study of the various aspects of linguistic interaction between the Russian population and the titular peoples of the republics of the Russian Federation. Keywords: linguistic integration, Russian population, national republics, state languages, titular languages, language situation, language policy | 1331 | |||||
| 592 | The article examines the directions of scientific research of the Tomsk Linguistic School founded by A. P. Dulzon from 2017 to 2023, describes the results of scientific, supervisory, and pedagogical activities aimed at studying the languages of the autochthonous ethnic minorities of Siberia, and outlines the prospects for further scientific research. During this period, three dissertations were written and defended for the degree of candidate of philological sciences, three annotated folklore and everyday prose texts in the languages of the Ob Yenisei region were published, including material on the Selkup, Ket, Chulym-Turkic, Teleut, Khanty and ChulymTurkic languages, four monographs on the Selkup and Chulym-Turkic languages and four research projects were carried out. At present, the Khanty, Selkup, Chulym-Turkic, Ket, and Teleut languages are being researched with the help of modern achievements in linguistics, folklore, and other related sciences. Keywords: linguistic school by A.P. Dulzon, studies of endangered languages, indigenous ethnic groups, the Selkup language, the Khanty language, the Ket language, the Chulym-Turkic language, the Teleut language | 1329 | |||||
| 593 | This article is a review of the publication “Ethnography of indigenous peoples of Western Siberia in the collection of the Municipal Autonomous Institution «Regional Historical, Cultural and Environmental Center»”. Catalog / Author-compiler: E. R. Shamsieva. Part I. Megion — Ekaterinburg: “Fort Dialog-Iset” Publishing House, 2020. 148 p. | 1325 | |||||
| 594 | The article presents a comprehensive study of the vocabulary of common and generalized food names in the Selkup language, which has not yet been the subject of a linguistic description. The study made it possible to identify and systematize common or generalized food names, clarify the period of their formation, carry out a morphosyntactic analysis of the lexemes, examine their word formation activity, determine the capacity for semantic derivation, determine the internal form of complex and compound lexical units, to identify common and generalized food names and their derivatives, to analyze sentence expressions with the component denoting a common and generalized food name, to carry out a contextual analysis of common and generalized food names on the material of household texts. The author used research methods such as descriptive analysis, comparative historical analysis, component analysis, and quantitative analysis. Selkup language dictionaries served as sources for the Selkup language. The work of leading linguists on the etymology, phonetics, and grammar of the Selkup language enabled us to carry out a comprehensive analysis. As a result of the research carried out, it was found that the common and generalized names of food in the Selkup language go back to the verb stem *ǝm- ‘to eat’ from the common Samoyed period of formation. Twenty-six dialect variants of common and generalized food names were identified in the modern Selkup language. They have different morphosyntactic structures: simple non-derivatives (10), simple derivatives (14), and compound names (2). The lexemes studied have a polysemy based on metonymic transference. Nouns (9) and compound names (13) are also formed from the stem *ǝm- ‘eat,’ which denotes objects and phenomena directly or indirectly related to food. Most nouns are represented by simple derived lexemes (7), but one complex word and one word formed by transformation have been identified. Compound names can be bipartite (11) or tripartite (2), consisting of an adjective or adverb and a noun. Keywords: food names, Selkup language, structural and semantic analysis, vocabulary of traditional foods, indigenous language | 1325 | |||||
| 595 | The subject of this article is the lexical-semantic oppositions of the Russian and Ossetian languages. These oppositions are considered from the point of view of sememe semasiology, i.e., the meaning (sememe) is described as a certain integrity that goes beyond the details of its structure; accordingly, semantemes are analyzed, i.e., the composition of sememes of a lexeme functioning in Russian and Ossetian. The focus is on the value types. The article aims to study the most frequent oppositions of lexical semantics of words in Russian and Ossetian, which represent an active zone of interlingual interference that allows us to assert, on the one hand, the preservation of important national images of Ossetian culture and, on the other hand, the mental influence of Ossetians on the Russian culture of a given region. Explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and translated Ossetian-Russian lexicographic reference works served as sources for the empirical data; data obtained through interviews with the inhabitants of Vladikavkaz were also used. The typology of lexical-semantic relations is represented by three main types of interlingual relations: equivalence, inclusion, and intersection. Special attention was paid to polysemic lexemes since they most convincingly show similar and differentiating sememes of the compared semantic structures. The priority of these sememes in the semantic structures of Ossetian lexemes in comparison with the corresponding Russian words, testifying to the preservation of important national images inherent in the Ossetian mentality, is affirmed. Thus, the denotative-conceptual apparatus and connotations of the Ossetian lexemes allow us to talk about the features of the worldview of the Ossetian people, which is actively manifested in the lexical-semantic comparison. The presented semantic oppositions reflect the social transformations due to the current tendency in modern society to form a Russian identity that implies separate, relatively autonomous constituents, for example, the identity of a national character. Accordingly, the study of lexicalsemantic oppositions between Russian and Ossetian vocabulary units seems to be relevant not only in linguistic but also in ideological terms, as they reflect the basic values of the population of a particular Russian region. Keywords: оssetian language, semantic opposition, contrastive semantic analysis, sememe, semantemes, semantic equivalence, semantic inclusion, semantic overlap, national identity | 1317 | |||||
| 596 | This monograph is dedicated to the mobility practices of the hunters, reindeer herders, and fishermen of the Northern Baikal Evenkis and their engagement with life in the world through the structures they build and use in the context of numerous development projects and innovations. The monograph is based on field data collected by the author in the northern Baikal region of the Republic of Buryatia from the Evenki of the village of Kholodnaia. A distinctive feature of this monograph is an important methodological change, as the subject of the study is the process of the Evenkis’ movement and their mobility. The dynamic perspective made it possible to analyze the objects of stationary and mobile Evenki structures as embedded in a complex network of movements connecting a number of places. The author rejected the rigid dichotomy between sedentary and mobile populations and, accordingly, between the village and the taiga, as well as between Evenki and other villagers who use space in a similar way. As a theoretical approach, V.N. Davydov uses A. Escobar’s concept of ‘life projects’ of the local population vs. development projects and the phenomenological approach of T. Ingold. For centuries, the Evenkis have been involved in the life of the Russian state and in various development projects that they adapt to their life-sustaining practices, ways, and methods of movement. The Evenki village is shown as a space of intense internal mobility, and some of its inhabitants’ “opportunistic” lifestyles are examined for the first time. V. N. Davydov emphasizes that the inhabitants have adapted to the development projects to realize their life projects connected with the task of maintaining the connection to nature and society. The Evenkis use new infrastructures to move around the landscape regularly and have adopted various innovations in modern society. At the same time, they have preserved the Evenkis ethos of mutual aid, creativity, and sociality. Keywords: Northern Baikal Evenkis, village of Kholodnaia, socio-economic changes, use of space, resources, mobility | 1309 | |||||
| 597 | The article presents the scientific distribution and analyzes the system of geographical names of the toponymic space of the Erzya-Mordovian village of Novy Maklaush in the Klyavlinsky district of the Samara region. This toponymic system has not yet been the subject of special research, which determines the relevance of the present work. The article identifies the main features of this toponymic space as a typical toponymic system of the Klyavlinsky Mordva, its peculiarities, as well as similarities with the toponymy of other Erzya-Mordovian villages of the Samara-Volga region and neighboring regions. The work is based on materials obtained by the author during field research in the village of Novy Maklaush in October 2019. For the comparative analysis, data on the toponymy of various Erzya-Mordovian villages of the Samara-Volga region and other areas of the Mordvinian settlement obtained during our expeditions in 2015–2023 are used. As a result of our research, we have found that the toponymic space of the village of Novy Maklaush has convincing parallels in other toponymic spaces of the Klyavlinsky Mordva in terms of clusters of geographical terms, individual toponymic unit markers and their semantics. Significant similarities can also be found with the toponymic spaces of other Erzya-Mordovian groups of the Samara-Volga region and neighboring areas. There were no significant differences between the toponymic space of the Novy Maklaush and other toponymic spaces of the Erzya-Mordovians of the Klyavlinsky district. The name Uksada, which belongs to a small river, a tributary of the Sok River, can be assigned to the substrate layer of this toponymic space. However, the author of this study believes that the name Uksada also originates from the Erzya-Mordovan language, where the lexeme Ukso – elm in this meaning is still preserved in some dialects of the Erzya-Mordovan language of the Shentala district. However, in the Klyavlinsky dialect of ErzyaMordovian, the Erzya-Mordovian word itself has since been replaced by a Russian borrowing. The research presented here will interest specialists in the field of onomastics of Mordovian languages, Finno-Ugric linguistics, regional history, and amateur local historians. Keywords: toponymy, geographical lexemes, Mordva, Erzya-Mordovian language, Samara Trans-Volga region | 1309 | |||||
| 598 | The article deals with verbs of falling (cf. in English: fall, drop, plummet, plunge, nosedive) in the Tatyshly subdialect of the Udmurt language (southern variant, peripheral-southern dialect). This domain has not yet been systematically studied based on Udmurt language material. The study relies on the frame-based approach to lexical typology, which proposes to describe semantics through collocation analyses of lexemes. The results are compared with the conclusions of the typological project and several language-specific articles on verbs of falling. The data were collected mainly by surveying native speakers (translation from Russian into Udmurt, evaluation and interpretation of sentences in Udmurt). Data from the Udmurt dictionaries and corpora are also considered. We analyze the main semantic oppositions in the domain of verbs of falling in the Tatyshly subdialect of the Udmurt language. First, it is the opposition between falling from above and changing from a vertical to a horizontal position. Second, a special verb for falling involves a subject’s destruction (typical of many languages). Third, there are a number of lexemes describing the movement of liquids and granular substances. We discuss their semantic properties, their connection to the falling of multiple subjects, and the constraints on their use in the latter contexts. Verbs of substance motion refer mainly to the falling of multiple small subjects, while larger subjects require dominant verbs of falling. Fourth, a special lexical item denotes the falling of a subject (either animate or, what is typologically curious, inanimate) onto its front. Finally, we discuss contiguity between the domain of falling and other domains (destruction, rotation, and other types of motion). The semantic reasons for colexification are formulated. Keywords: lexical typology, semantics, polysemy, verbs of falling, verbs of movement, Udmurt language | 1301 | |||||
| 599 | The burial monuments of the Yakuts (Sakha) of the Middle Ages and modern times are represented by socalled arangas, as well as above-ground and inhumation burials. This paper offers a historiographical overview of the studies on the Yakut burials of the XIIIth to XIXth centuries, which includes the analysis of the collected data and the insights gained based on their interpretation. This work makes it possible to describe the existing source base, systematize the results of previous studies, define key areas for further research, and suggest approaches to resolving disputes. As a result of analyzing the available sources and scholarly works, three main phases of research on Yakut burials were identified. The first phase (1888–1940s) can be characterized as a period of initial accumulation of factual material associated with the need to replenish the object fund of the Yakutsk Regional Museum. Archaeological research had a clearly defined regional focus. From the second phase (1950s–1990s), research began to pursue a comprehensive approach under the direction of professional archaeologists and ethnographers. An extensive source base became the basis for the study of various aspects of traditional culture, ethnogenesis, and the early phases of Yakut ethnic history, as well as for the reconstruction of elements of burial rites. In the third phase (2000s), a comprehensive interdisciplinary investigation of the funerary monuments began with a broad application of scientific methods. The correlation of burial and settlement monuments of the early Yakut archaeological Kulun-Atakh culture of the Yakuts from the 10th to 16th centuries makes it possible to correct the existing hypotheses about the origin and ethnic history of the Yakuts and the analysis of burial materials from the 17th to 19th centuries updates the reconstruction of traditional models of their material and spiritual culture, worldview and social structure. The study uses comparative-historical, historical-typological, historical-systemic, and retrospective-chronological methods. Keywords: Yakuts, Middle Ages, modern times, burials, history of studies, research phases, material interpretation, Isteekh Byraan cemetery | 1301 | |||||
| 600 | For the Buryats, the concept of the motherland is not abstract but filled with concrete content, the main components of which are the natural elements of the ancestral territory: an ancestral mountain, a river or lake, fields and meadows, forests, individual groves, trees, and stones. These objects also include springs. The relevance of the work arises from the insufficient research into the cult of water in the Buryat tradition in general and mineral springs in particular. The aim of the article is to examine the features of the existence of the water cult and the place of mineral springs in the tradition of the Cis-Baikal Buryats living north of Lake Baikal. The study’s objectives included examining the image of water sources, their status, and their functions in the tradition of the CisBaikal Buryats. The sources of the study were historical and ethnographic, folklore materials, and materials from the author’s field research. A comparative historical method was used in the study, which helps identify commonalities in understanding and appreciating natural phenomena in the culture of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples. The study suggests that the Cis-Baikal Buryats retained ideas about “living” water – the water of some springs and lakes was associated with it. However, the cult of healing springs, the Arshans, did not develop in the CisBaikal Buryat tradition for several reasons: 1. The generic status of a water source, which determines the relevance of ideas about the territorial boundaries of the effectiveness of its therapeutic effect. 2. Spring water acquired magical healing properties in the process of ritual transformation with the active participation of a shaman. Such water could cure any disease. In this regard, the classification of mineral springs according to their medicinal properties may not have been relevant. 3. Moreover, in Transbaikalia, much of the work on the popularization of arshans, including their discovery and the determination of the medicinal properties of water, was done by the Buddhist church, whose influence did not extend to Cis-Baikal Keywords: Pre-Baikal Buryats, water cult, healing springs, Buryat shamans, ritual practices | 1296 | |||||
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