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| 301 | Raw materials and molding compounds of ceramics from Shelomok II settlement have been studied. The paper presents the results of this study, and compares the findings of the technical and technological analysis and studies of ornaments. It has been established that soft clays (mainly non-ferruginous and, much less often, ferruginous clays) were used in ceramic production. Addition of gruss has been identified as the main cultural tradition in using mineral admixtures. A mixture of traditions in using mineral admixtures (gruss + chamotte) has been revealed. When comparing the findings of the technical and technological analysis with ceramic ornaments, the authors have identified Group 1B: Pearls with Separation as representing the greatest mixture of skills in preparation of molding compounds. The rest of groups represent an approximately equal mixture of cultural traditions, which is not as significant as in Group 1B. The study of adaptive skills and ornaments shows an influx of new population and their contacts with local tribes. Keywords: Shelomok culture, settlement, technical and technological analysis, molding compound, raw materials, ornament | 920 | |||||
| 302 | The article is devoted to the analysis of Buryat value system, features of its transformation in the conditions of growing number of the Buryat-Russian bilinguals, mother tongue loss in Buryats. The data for the study came from the free associative experiment made among the Buryat bilinguals in both. native and Russian language, comparative analysis of the materials of "The Russian associative dictionary", the data of the ethnopsychological research by I. E. Elaeva conducted earlier, and the available data on word frequency in the classic of the Buryat literature by Kh. Namsaraev. The research demonstrates the degree of stability of Buryat value system. The comparative analysis shows that the most high-frequency words are national, most significant lexemes. For the Buryat, the patrimonial relations are important, which is demonstrated by the preservation even in Russian-speaking respondents of such word-responses as mother, relatives, children and father. Traditional value dominants are life, house, homeland, sun, body, work, food, book, thought. The data also show that the distinctive feature of the Buryat consciousness is the appreciation of the teacher and guest. The most significant word-responses designating qualitative characteristics are: hayn 'good, kind', khuney ‘human’, sagaan 'white', seber 'pure', goyo ‘elegant, beautiful’, turgen 'fast', haykhan 'beautiful', buryad ‘Buryat’, dulaan 'warm'. "The love to the country, to the people" is confirmed by entry into high-frequency group of such responses in the domain "person" as: arad and zon 'people'; in the domain "realia" – nyutag 'homeland', in the domain "quality evaluations" – burayd ‘Buryat’. The analysis of comparative constructions also shows that the major value category for Buryat nomads is the nature. The comparative analysis of basic value components of the Buryat language use shows that the influence of Russian language is mainly reflected in a so called "real" environment. It is also established that the influence of a national language code remains rather high, which respectively, also maintains such key Buryat cultural, social consciousness features as emphasizing being peaceful, unaggressive. Keywords: language consciousness, values, associative experiment, Buryat language, bilingualism | 916 | |||||
| 303 | The article is devoted to the publication of materials of the Bystryanskaya archaeological culture from a multi-layer settlement Novozykovo 3, located in the foothill area of the Altai Krai, 408 sq. m. of which have been studied. The material related to the Maiminskaya archaeological culture have been singled out typologically and planigraphically. They are the dwelling, household building, ceramic and object complexes. The most representative is the ceramic complex presented both, by fragments of ceramics and reconstructed vessels. Its detailed description has been given including characteristics of morphological features (forms of body, bottom and mouth), ornamental elements, ornamental motifs and ornamental compositions. The ceramics complex is divided into three groups. The first is represented by the Maiminskaya ceramics (flat-bottomed bowls and pots with a spherical body, ornamented with pits, smooth stamps and irregular-shaped pins with simple ornamental compositions), the second reflects very close interaction with representatives of Odintsovo culture (well-profiled round-bottomed pots with a spherical body, decorated with pits, smooth and comb stamps with complex ornamental compositions), the third – with nail ornament (pot-shaped vessel with a well-defined neck, a spherical body, a thick flat bottom, slightly curved inwards, ornamented with three varieties of finger ornament, which accompanies almost all the complexes of Maiminskaya ceramics. Novozykovskii stage in the development of the Mayminskaya culture has been identified. The chronological frame has been defined both by the object inventory and the characteristics of the ceramic complex as the VI – VIII centuries A.D. The authors have presented their point of view on the chronology of the Mayminskaya archaeological culture (the I century B.C. – the VIII century A.D.). The material is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Keywords: Settlement, ceramics, culture, foothills, Early Middle Ages | 911 | |||||
| 304 | The paper deals with the system of future reference forms in both Enets dialects: Future and Debitive attested both in Forest Enets and Tundra Enets, Hypothetical attested only in Forest Enest and Analytical Debitive attested only in Tundra Enets. The paper provides brief information on morphological structure of these forms, numerical data on their frequency in texts and a comparison of the contexts where these forms are used. Debitive expresses modal meanings of deontic and epistemic obligation and epistemic possibility. Forest Enets Hypothetical is used for weak intentional future and for weak epistemic possibility. Tundra Enets Analytical Debitive is limited by contexts of weak epistemic possibility. The most frequent Future form is used for sure predictive future and sure intentional future, but also is attested in modal contexts mentioned above. This can be summarized as a privative opposition between the Future form that has an unrestricted general future meaning and modal forms that are used for more particular modal meanings. This feature of the Enets verbal system contrasts it with a known cross-linguistic distinction of future certainty vs. future possibility and therefore Enets data are of interest for linguistic typology. Keywords: Enets, Samoyedic, future, modality, verbal forms competition | 907 | |||||
| 305 | This article gives view of syntactic, morphological and semantic features of denominal l’-forms inNorthern Selkup and touches upon the problem of their part of speech categorization. The research isbased on the data of the Northern Selkup corpus being created at Hamburg University in Germany ofthe archive of A. I. Kuzmina (collected in 1961–1977s). The corpus data showed that denominal l’-forms in Northern Selkup represent a kind of «mixed category» (the term of C. Lefebvre andP. Muysken), retaining adjectival and nominal properties in its syntax and morphology. These formsperform not only the attributive function in the sentence, but can be also used like core nouns as a directobject, subject, part of postpositional phrase and can be a head of the nominal phrase, modified by anattribute. Sometimes, followed by another noun in nominative, they form a kind of coordination. Thedetailed analysis of the morphological structure of denominal l’-forms allowed to establish that themarker -l’ is there a kind of inflexion (not derivation) and can combine with nominal derivational suffixes,case and number suffixes. In the paper an attempt was made to explain the semantic function ofthe marker -l’ in «nominal» usages of l’-forms. Thus a short distributional overview of l’-forms in «nominal» functions was given to check and, finally, to exclude the possibility of additional effect of definitenessof the denoted referent. In addition to the grammatical research some sociolinguistic data on«nominal» usages of l’-forms in the Northern Selkup corpus are specified to mark several native speakersof the corpus in whose speech there was a tendency to use l’-forms instead of core nouns. Keywords: отыменные прилагательные, селькупский язык, северные диалекты, корпус, синтаксис, морфология, часть речи, флексия, деривация | 904 | |||||
| 306 | This paper investigates Adjectives and Nouns, denoting colours. The term Concept is supposed to be synonymous to the term Semantic field that include all initial and derivative lexemes. The present paper is accented on some peculiarities of world-building characterizing Udihe adjectives of Colour. Thematic group with the semantics of Colour is quite diverse. Various illustrations are presented in the paper. Different models of word-building are analyzed: a) Adjectives may be formed from Verbs; b) some Adjectives also may form Verbs (affixation); c) conversion is widely used in the thematic group in question; d) production of compound words (e.g. some political terms or some words denoting animals). If in the structure of compound word there is obvious indication of Colour, such word belongs to the thematic group under consideration (e.g. čaligi sula‘i “polar fox”, čaligi mafa “polar bear”). Keywords: Colours, Word-building, Affixation, Conversion, Adjective, Noun (Subject) | 902 | |||||
| 307 | Place names, in spite of their denotative character, haven't been the object of close attention of cognitive scientists until recently. However, recent studies in cognitive linguistics have given impetus to the development of toponymy in this direction. The article analyzes both Russian and foreign scientific literature on the cognitive approach to the study of toponymics, which shows that, in general, researchers are cautious with terminology in the cognitive-toponymic context, preferring to replace the word combination «cognitive toponymy» with descriptive constructions. The author asks the question about the expediency of introducing the term «cognitive toponymy» and substantiates the conclusion about its necessity in onomastic terminology system. The article develops definitions for the concepts of «cognitive toponymy» and «cognitive toponym», makes assumptions about the goals and objectives of cognitive toponymy as a science. The close connection between scientific-cognitive approach and toponymy is supported by examples. Particular emphasis is made on the role of visual and mental perception in place naming. In the author’s opinion, the future lies with the complex method of studying toponymic units within the cognitive analysis of geographical names in combination with statistical analysis, historical and geographical reconstruction, descriptive method and GIS mapping method. Keywords: toponymy, cognitive approach, onomastics, concept, term | 900 | |||||
| 308 | A set of methods built on the main property of patterns of symmetry was developed and successfully applied by the author in the analysis of Andronovo and Sintashta complexes. In this article is taken the first attempt of application of simmetrometria for ornamental complexes of a different era and a different tradition. The ground for testing became some series of ornamented vessels from the burial grounds of Tomsk Ob river area TKM-I and TKM-II. This experience should provide reasons to assume that the methods of symmetrometria more universal, than previously thought. Keywords: ornament, symmetry, bronze age, early middle ages | 899 | |||||
| 309 | The use of possession in Southern Selkup can be divided in adnominal and predicative possession. In adnominal possession the possessor can be either a noun or a pronoun, the construction is usually head final. If the possessor is encoded pronominally, it can be marked with pronouns, possessive suffixes or a combination of the two. As in other Samoyedic languages possessive suffixes in Southern Selkup are also used to express non-possessive meaning. Predicative possession is essentially based on existential constructions as no habeo-verb exists in Southern Selkup; mostly nominative and locative constructions are in use. Keywords: Southern Selkup, possession, possessive constructions | 893 | |||||
| 310 | The article deals with the problems of alignment and asymmetry of parallel texts of differently-structured languages, Buryat (text-original) and Russian (text-translation). The author gives a description of the procedures for identifying and analyzing the alignment of relevant texts. For demonstration of asymmetry examples, revealed with obligatory post-automatic leveling, the analysis presented in the article is based on the prose literature of the Buryat classic Khotsa Namsaraev. The article points out that the alignment of parallel texts contributes to identification of the style of the translator, the identification of changes in the sequence of the author's narrative by the translator, the development of principles and methods of alignment of Buryat-Russian texts, allows to identify omission text fragments. Aligning of parallel texts provides opportunity to find a linguospecific, so-called, non-equivalent vocabulary, which is important for the theory of translation in general. The main results of the work carried out are idenified types of asymmetry: I. asymmetric division of the sentence; II. asymmetry of the transmission of direct speech in the original and translation; III. asymmetry at the level of translation. The first type of asymmetry shows that the division of one sentence of the original in translation may reach eight sentences. Reverse cases of division are revealed, when two or more sentences of the original are translated by one sentence. According to the second type of asymmetry, the original sentence with direct speech can be divided into two separate phrases. Asymmetry is manifested in the graphic design of the inner speech in translation. In the original, the inner speech is not represented graphically, but by adverbial constructions. The third type of asymmetry shows several subtypes: 1) the transfer of a fragment of one sentence of the original to the next; 2) lack of translation; 3) omission / insert in the translation of significant / insignificant fragments; 4) inaccuracy / error of the translation; 5) a change in the translation of the form of appeal to the person; 6) change of the context of the sentence in the translation from the original; 7) changing the linear sequence of sentences of the original, i.e., rearranging sentences in the text-translation. Keywords: the Buryat-Russian texts, alignment, asymmetry of parallel texts, parallel corpus | 887 | |||||
| 311 | The article is devoted to the description of the peculiarities of the pronominal deixis in one of the less studied dialects of the Komi-Permyak language, which is disconnected from the basic ethnic massif and experiences a strong influence of surrounding Russian dialects. The paper considers the morphological structure and usage of personal and intensifying personal pronouns. The main research objective is to examine the features of declension and case inflection, to reveal variability and innovations in the inflection paradigm of personal and intensifying personal pronouns. The article introduces new dialect data, which can become an additional source for comparative historical research on the Komi proforms and of the Permian pronouns system in general. In addition, the analyzed language data will allow making certain conclusions about the development of the system of pronouns in the dialects, which have a transitional character and has been affected by the strong Russian contact influence. The empirical base of the research includes language data collected by the author in the course of the dialectological expeditions to the Kirov Permian communities between 2002–2012. Linguistic data are analyzed and interpreted in the context of the Komi language dialectic landscape. Keywords: the Komi language, the Komi-Permian language, the Upper-Kama dialect, Kirov Permians, dialectology, morphology, pronoun | 886 | |||||
| 312 | The article is devoted to the description of the structure types of the predicate in one of the Manchu-Tungus languages. Types of predicates in the Orok language are distinguished on the basis of structure and component composition, the qualification of grammatical units of which is closely related to the peculiarities of the verb forms in the Russian and Manchu-Tungus languages, as well as to the questions of the verbal derivation in these languages. The analysis of the frequency component of the components makes it possible to draw conclusions about the presence of two types of predicate in the Orok language: the simple verbal and compound nominal, the compound verb is not represented. To a simple verb predicate (the carrier of lexical and grammatical meaning is one word or word form), single-component predicates are expressed, expressed by the conjugated form of a verb of any number-person, time and mood; single-component semantically complex predicates, isomorphic to the composite verb of the Russian language; two-component negative predicates expressed by analytical word forms formed with the participation of a conjugated negative verb. Named predicates in the Orok language are always multicomponent and composite, they have at least two lexical units: the purpose of the bundle is to express the predicative categories, and the linking part expresses the main material content of the predicate. In other words, the broadly expressed part of the predicate, neutral with respect to inflection, is the carrier of lexical meaning, the connective is expressed by the conjugated verb - the carrier of grammatical meaning and always takes the position of the absolute end of a sentence. The nominal predicate is represented as compound and complex, the characteristics of each subtype are determined by the semantic status of the grammatical part (existential or modal, phase, aspectual verb) and the grammatical status of the thematic part, which can be expressed by a noun, adjective, adverb (with an existing linkage functioning), participle or possesive construction with supine (with modal, aspectual and phase grammatical component). Potential with an existing bundle are qualified as compound nominal, with modal, phase, aspectual verbs in the grammatical part - as complex. The absence in the Manchu-Tungus languages of forms fully equivalent to the Russian infinitive in functional and semantic aspect determines the impossibility of forming a compound verb predicate, which, by definition, consists of “a personal verb and an infinitive adjoining it” (Akhmanova, 1966: 415). Keywords: Manchu-Tungus languages, Orok language, predicate, structural type, simple verbal, compound nominal, analytical word form, grammatical, syntactic form, part of speech | 885 | |||||
| 313 | Traditional games and competitions of the Kyrgyz people have developed since immemorial time. Among the means of the national system of physical education were heroic competitions, traditional games, outdoor games, intellectual games, entertainment and exercises. Their history, features and status are reflected upon in this article. These games and competitions held a special place in the life of the nomadic Kyrgyz people. They helped the upbringing of children and youth, entertained the audience, carried out military-physical education and served to uphold people's health. In the oral folklore of the Kyrgyz people - epics, historical traditions, genealogy (sanzhyra), fairy tales, the heroic deeds were glorified, and numerous scenes of fights are described. As a rule, heroes-warriors were endowed with great physical strength, spiritual beauty and bravery. Researchers of the traditional games and competitions of the Yenisei Kyrgyz people paid particular attention to the fact that in the Middle Ages, the Kyrgyz people and neighboring peoples cultivated complex multi-athletic sports competitions. Similar integrated sports competitions are traditionally held in subsequent years, for example, integrated sports competitions in national sports and folk games, starting from 1949; All-Union competitions in equestrian sports of collective farmers, members of state farms and stud farms since 1958; international competitions in national sports in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the "Manas" epic, 3000th anniversary of Osh city, 500th anniversary of the hero Kurmanbek, World Nomad Games. The creation of the Center for Development of National Sports (2012), later renamed into the Directorate for Development of National Sports, was very important for further development of national sports and folk games. Over the past five years, the Directorate has done a lot of work to improve its activities and conduct sports competitions. Over time, and especially during the period of sovereignty, traditional games and competitions gained rapid development and international status. They are now an invaluable gift, inherited from wise ancestors and are important in organizing the most interesting competitions in the form of the World Nomad Games. They began to be held periodically every two years on the shores of the sacred Issyk- Kul Lake and they had a brilliant prospect. Keywords: traditional games and competitions, historical information on the development of physical education | 884 | |||||
| 314 | Various theoretical approaches to possessiveness in general and predicative possessiveness in particular are considered, differences of attributive and predicative possessiveness at the semantic level are described. The short review of use / non-use of the verbs of life and possession in the possessive constructions of the Ural languages relating to the Esse-languages is provided: transitive verbs of Indo-European type can be used for verbal expression of possessiveness in Ob-Ugrian, Nganasan and a number of southern dialects of the Lappish language. The main predicative possessive constructions of the Selkup language the parts of which are the verbs ēqo ‘to have, possess’ and the verb with the opposite meaning čaηkįqo are analyzed. The most frequent predicative possessive constructions in the Selkup language are constructions with a noun or a pronoun having the marker -nan and the verb ēqo or čaŋkįqo. Keywords: possession, Selkup, predicative possessive constructions | 877 | |||||
| 315 | The article deals with the issue of documentary reconstruction of the Khakass ethnographer Stepan Dmitrievich Mainagashev’s (1886–1920) genealogy. Until now, there have been gaps in biography of the Khakass scientist S. D. Mainagashev, including an unspecified date of his birth. Despite the presence of genealogical legends about the origin of the Mainagashevs, there was no scientific verification of this genealogical information on the material of church metric books, lists of names and census lists (population censuses). The object of the study is S. D. Mainagashev’s biological genealogy, and the subject is the archival and documentary reconstruction of its patrilineal part. The source base consisted of the funds from such archives as: State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Region, National Archive of the Republic of Khakassia, Minusinsk Archive. For the first time, unique archival documents on the genealogy of the Mainagashevs are introduced into scientific circulation: from the Askiz Peter and Paul Church — a metric record of the birth/baptism of S. D. Mainagashev in 1886, a metric record of the marriage/wedding of his parents D. A. Mainagashev and V. N. Kyzylasova in 1877, a metric record of the death/burial of the grandfather, ethnographer A. P. Mainagashev in 1866, from the Tashtyp Nativity Church — a metric record of the birth/baptism of D. A. Mainagashev’s father in 1851; data from the last three censuses of the Kazanov family of the Sagai Steppe Duma in 1832, 1850, and 1858; data on the baptism facts of representatives of the family as of 1854. Within the genealogical research, we carried out an examination of the Mainagashevs’ family genealogy, compiled in the 1970s and 1980s by the topographer M. G. Moinagashev on the basis of oral traditions and archival sources. The critical analysis of this genealogical scheme shows that its informational potential needs careful scientific verification with the involvement of church metric records and civil status acts. The further study of the Mainagashevs' genealogy will be devoted to the analysis of genealogical legends, as well as genetic and genealogical testing of modern male descendants. Keywords: genealogy, Mainagashevs, Ondurovs, revision tale, metric book, National Archive of the Republic of Khakassia, State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, archive of the city of Minusinsk, Oreshkova | 877 | |||||
| 316 | The article is devoted to the contribution of L. M. Pletneva to the comprehensive study of medieval iron production in Western Siberia. For 30 years (1962–1991), L. M. Pletneva conducted extensive field research in the area between the rivers Ob and Tom, during which a vast array of data on iron production were obtained. L. M. Pletneva for the first time in the history of Tomsk archeology paid attention to a specific source as the archaeological metallurgical slag and started to study medieval iron production. She organized a comprehensive study at the archaeological site Shelomok, where for the first time in Siberia, magnetic survey was carried out in 1976, the first metallographic analyzes were made, as well as the first chemical analyzes of slag and ore from different archaeological sites were published. Due to many years of L. M. Pletneva’s research, today we can identify the area between the rivers Ob and Tom as a special region, where medieval population mastered the local iron ore deposits and provided itself with a "precious" and vital metal of the time. Keywords: archeology, iron production, medieval, Western Siberia, Shelomok site, Ob-Tomsk river basin, L. M. Pletneva | 875 | |||||
| 317 | Possessive markers in Permic languages are widely used outside the contexts that have been described as possessive relations (Aikhenvald, Dixon, 2013). In particular, they can signal definiteness (Schlachter,1960; Suihkonen, 2005; Edygarova, 2010; Winkler, 2011). As a consequence, there are works that consider the hypothesis of grammaticalization of possessive markers in Permic as definite articles (Fraurud, 2001). However, they can be used in contexts that require an indefinite reading: first, they encode indefinite elements of a definite set or part of a mass; second, they occur with indefinite and interrogative pronouns; and third, they are used with quantifiers and numerals (in contexts of indefiniteness). The present paper offers an explanation for this phenomenon. The work is based on the data of the Pechora dialect of Komi-Zyrian and the Beserman dialect of Udmurt. Both the elicitation and corpus methods are used. The Permic possessive markers do not exhibit exhaustivity, which is observed with possessive pronouns in English, French and other languages (Simonenko, 2017; Simonenko in press). They can denote an indefinite part of a definite mass or an indefinite subset of a definite set (e.g., there were some stones in the barrel, and he took a stone). Hence, they can be used with numerals, quantifiers and pronouns that can introduce an indefinite part of a definite set or mass (e.g. which of them, one of them, someone of them). In all those contexts the possessive markers are used as referential devices, rather than markers of definiteness. Hence, their functions are adequately described in terms of reference, rather than in terms of definiteness. Keywords: Uralic languages, Udmurt, Komi-Zyrian, syntax, possessive suffixes, quantifier, noun phrase, definiteness, indefiniteness, reference, referential properties | 875 | |||||
| 318 | The article analyzes means of expressing possession relations with constructions not belonging to nominal ones in Chulym Turkic. Based on new field data, examples of predicative possession constructions in use are considered, locational, comitative, topical and transitive possession types are analyzed. It is proven that topical possession constructions in Chulym Turkic also include genitive possession constructions in which the logical subject (i.e. topic) is realized in the form of the possessive case. This very construction is the most frequent one in expressing category of possession through relations of predication in Chulym Turkic. Keywords: Chulym-Turkic, possession, category of possessiveness, predication | 873 | |||||
| 319 | A sociolinguistic experiment was conducted to determine the extent of the presence of purist and contaminated doublets, as well as Russicisms in the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language. The analysis showed that there is a significant connection between the belonging of the subjects to a particular social group and certain mechanisms for constructing language samples in the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language. The intelligentsia of the Surgut Khanty gravitates towards purist tendencies, using the phonetic, lexical and morphological potential of the Surgut dialect, and tries to avoid contamination and pure Russification for linguistic processing of borrowings from the Russian language. Pupils and students actively use the principles of Russification, not being convinced supporters of the purist approach and not attaching much importance to contamination in the transfer of borrowings from the Russian language. To transfer borrowings Surgut Khanty, living in camps and lands, do not attach much importance to the puristic imperative of their linguistic form. At the same time they realize the alienation of the complete Russification of borrowed tokens and use the principle of contamination when adapting borrowed words in the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language. Keywords: Khanty language, Surgut dialect, Russicism, loanwords, purism, contamination | 869 | |||||
| 320 | This article discusses the ethnohistorical prerequisites for the formation of some Kazakh tribes belonging to the trial structure of Kazakhstan nomadic population, to the union Bayuli Younger Zhuzes of Kazakhstan. The reconstruction of the historical stages of the formation of the Kazakh tribes is carried out by identifying possible ethno-political contacts that existed at the time, according to written sources and representative materials of oral historiology, between the early medieval populations residing in the territory of western Kazakhstan steppe. The Turkic-speaking tribes settled here represented the Oguz ethnic community (bayats, yazirs, salors, avshars, etc.), which played an important role in the formation of the ethnic core of the consequently formed tribes of the Kazakh Younger zhuz. Historical events of the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD contributed to the emergence of close contacts of Oguz with Kypchaks, which was reflected in the genealogical legends on the origin of the Bayuli generation of Kazakh tribes. The study of these plots is consistent with theoretical approaches based on the well-known concept of the Dakho-Massaget origin of some tribes of the Younger Zhuz, as well as the connecting role of the Oghuz ethnic component in the formation of the Kypchak confederation of tribes in western Kazakhstan. Keywords: tribal organization of the Kazakhs, Junior zhuz, generation of Bayuly, Oguz, Bersh, Aday, Isyk, Alasha | 869 | |||||
| 321 | This study concerns with the main difficulties connected to the mapping of the nomadic peoples and their languages compared to the mapping of the sedentary peoples and languages. Among those difficulties are huge areas with no clear borders between them, very low population density, high personal, family and seasonal mobility, overlapping of winter pastures of one ethnic groups with summer pastures of another groups, transition of migration routes might through other group area, extensive multilingualism and lack of data. Quite surprisingly for an outside observer, the most part of Eurasian Circumpolar area were inhabited until recently by nomadic or semi-nomadic groups. Several types of life-styles are defined in the article: full (whole-family) nomadic pastoralism with herds of domestic reindeer, partial (male only) nomadic pastoralism with herds of domestic reindeer; (nomadic) hunting and gathering (sometimes together with occasional nomadic pastoralism). During Soviet period many of nomadic ethnic groups switched to mostly sedentary style of life. In the article, the history of cartography of peoples and languages of Russian North in 19th –20th centuries is shown. Then the existing sources for modern maps are discussed. Finally, a several ways of visualisation are proposed which let us show adequately not only nomadic and semi-nomadic ethnic groups but also their languages. Those ways are illustrated with maps. Keywords: mapping, Circumpolar languages, Arctic, Northern peoples, nomads, reindeer husbandry, tundra | 862 | |||||
| 322 | Today the Southern Selkup dialects are least described among other Selkup dialects. At the same time there are almost no Southern Selkup speakers left. It is known that one speaker of the Middle Ob Selkup dialect, which is attributed to the Southern Selkup dialectal group (Glushkov, Tuchkova, Baidak 2013), lives in Kolpashevo, Tomsk region. There are no speakers of the Chaya, Upper Ob and Chulym dialects left. Moreover, a number of insufficiently described unique features and phenomena differentiate the Southern Selkup dialects from other Selkup dialects. In some cases, they were mentioned as possible mistakes which might have been made in the process of documentation. This article considers the function of -m suffix in combinations of two nouns. The unusual use of this suffix is characteristic to the text recorded by N. P. Grigorovskiy “The Sacred History in Ostyak Samoyed language” (1879). It also occurs in the text recorded by Saint Makarius ‘Besědy ob Istinnom Bogě I Istinnoj Věrě Na Narěčii Obskich Ostjakov'’ (1900) and in the archive materials of the second half of the 20 century by A. I. Kuzmina, Hamburg University. The present article contains the interpretation variants analysis of the -m suffix in the constructions under study. It is supposed that it could be a form of a verbal noun, an atypical Accusative or a possessive form. Each hypothesis has arguments in its favour. Besides, the article offers the preliminary data on areal extent of the described phenomenon. Keywords: the Southern Selkup dialects, morphology, atypical cases of -m suffix usage | 860 | |||||
| 323 | The article is devoted to the identification and semantic-cognitive description of basic lexemes in the Turkic languages of Siberia, included in the conceptual space of happiness. The selected framework for considering the object of research, referred to as a conceptual space, we understand as a set (or conceptual content) of a set of interrelated linguistic and cultural entities, which represent a certain integrity in the conceptual sphere of the language and, in particular, in the consciousness of the linguistic personality. The material for the article was the data of bilingual dictionaries of the studied languages, as conceptual components of the conceptual space of happiness. It was revealed that most of the lexemes we have considered, representing the concept of happiness, are of Mongolian origin: yak: дьол / tof .: чол / soyot .: ҷол; tuv .: кежик, аас-кежик / alt .: кäжик / shor .: кешик; hak .: чырғал / tof .: чыргал / kirg .: жыргал / alt .: jыргал etc. Significant aspects of happiness are success / luck / luck, also expressed in Mongolian borrowings: alt .: мöр / hak .: мöрій; well-being, pleasure: тuv. чыргал / hak .: чырғал. Shor, Tofalar and Altai equivalents of this lexeme show a semantic change towards the concepts of “abundance of food”, “fun”, “feast”, “treat”. Interlanguage equivalents of vocabulary are analyzed from the point of view of the etymological transformation of semantics and their universal and distinctive fragments are revealed. Often the absence of happiness or good luck (тuv.: аас-кежик чок “unhappy”; hack: талаан чох / часка чох “unhappy”; alt .: ырыс jок “unhappy”) is very close to the concept of fate (fate, share). The conceptual space of happiness in the Siberian Turkic languages, as well as in other languages of different structures, is a complex and multi-layered formation that has no clear boundaries. Keywords: siberian turkic languages, mongolian borrowing, dictionary definition, happiness, conceptual space, lexeme | 859 | |||||
| 324 | A special place in the national calendar is occupied by church holidays, which were perceived as the landmark in the annual cycle. In this context, the calendar ritualism of the Komi-Zyrians basically repeats the Northern- Russian calendar tradition, and the specific elements of calendar representations are associated with the existence of local traditions. The Vishera Basin (right tributary of the Vychegda) was inhabited by the Komi population from the 16th century, with the history of the Vishera settlement ethnographers associate the beginning of the formation of the entire Uper-Vychegda group of Komi Zyrians. After the formation of the main settlements of the upper Vychegda, the Vishera local tradition developed in a certain isolation, which was also reflected in the specifics of the formation of calendar representations. This article is devoted to calendar ceremonialism of autumn day of Kuzma-Demyan and the occasional hrononim Demyan Bedny connected with this date. Based on own field researches and archival materials, the author reveals a number of the specific moments connected from the studied local tradition. Among them: adaptation to economic activity and the gender "redistribution" which assigned to this autumn date the status of a general female holiday with a feast – bratchina, symbolizing end of agricultural year; the ambivalent attitude towards autumn wealth projected on a regulation of the marriage relations; language attraction between homonyms vo "year" and vo "harvest", "kasyanovy year" and "demyanovy month", which put in the forefront the motives of "poverty and misfortune" corresponding to a hrononim Demyan Bedny. Thus, the name, which obviously accidentally got to a context of calendar representations Demyan Bedny was "predetermined" by a number of the motivations already characteristic of autumn day of Kuzma-Demyan. It allows us to say about existence in the system of tradition of the mechanisms of self-organization defining the general vector of the development from a set of untied and random factors. Keywords: folklore, Komi-zyryane, Komi language, local tradition, folk terminology, chrononyms | 858 | |||||
| 325 | The article is devoted to one of the scantily studied verb forms of Kolymsky dialect of the Yukaghir language, which doesn’t have any consistent description – the participle. We study participles with suffixes = yoon, = sioon, = dioon, their formation and main functions. Having analyzed the language material we made conclusion that participles with these suffixes are substantivized, therewith a person (or a thing) is named according to his (its) action, specific occupation as well as the person (or a thing) exposed to an action. In view of the fact that participles with = yoon, = dioon are subjected to occasional substantivisation, having nominal features, i.e. they change forms according to case and number and in a sentence can be used as a subject, direct and indirect object, and an adverbial modifier. Participles with = yoon can be used to make analytic structures with participial form of the second component and analytic constructions, which are formed by the two-word combination of the first component expressed by a participle and the second component expressed by an auxiliary verb which shows grammar features of a person, number and tense. Participles with this suffix are often used to express a continuous action happening at the moment and formed with the affix = nu. Participle with the suffix = dioon and a negative participle with = sioon are subjects to adverbialization. It is shown that the participle with = sioon is made from qualitative verbal stems and is used in attributive function. The negative participle with = sioon is exposed to adverbialization. The author comes to the conclusion that in negative forms, participles with suffixes = sioon/= chuon are used as an adverbial participle. The participles with = dioon are formed from stems of intransitive/transitive verbs in the passive voice. Keywords: Yukaghir language, Kolyma dialect, participle, participial forms, occasional substantivation, adverbialization | 855 | |||||
| 326 | Abstract. For the first time, the article discusses the subject matter, features of the language of the songs of the Shenehen Buryats in the author's translation into Russian. The uniqueness of the Shenehen Buryats, who have been living in China for about 100 years, is that they have preserved their authentic culture: language, traditional Old Mongolian script, national costume, traditions, customs and folk songs. For a long time, the topic about Buryat emigration was banned. The article also highlights the reasons and history of the emigration of the Aga Buryats to the Shenehen locality of the China, based on the work of Bodongut Abida (1983), written in Old Mongolian script. The migration of the Buryat diaspora to Bargu was ethnically protective in nature and was associated with political events in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of the genre of odic songs (magtaal) in the song tradition testifies to their developed system of written culture, the distinction between written and oral texts, and the stylistic differentiation of the language of the lyrics. It has been revealed that the vocabulary of the Magtaals is sustained in a high style with an orientation towards the norms of the Old Mongolian language. An analysis of the field materials testifies to the mastery of versification of nameless poets, strictly observing the initial alliteration in strophes, using various figures of speech, the entire arsenal of grammatical forms to convey shades of semantics of the lexical unit. This allows us to argue that the lyrics are created and transmitted not only verbally, but also in writing long before the 1917 revolution. Keywords: songs of Shenehen Buryats, emigration of the Buryats, hymn songs, written culture of the Buryats | 852 | |||||
| 327 | The article is devoted to the description of the mental component of the culture of the local ethnic group of Buryats living in China. The project used records of field research that were made in the IMAR of PRC over several years. Based on the analysis of this data, the main mental-spiritual aspects of Buryat culture were revealed. The oral folklore tradition of the ethnic group of the Buryats of Inner Mongolia allows to reveal, to a certain extent, the mentality of the entire Buryat people, to characterize social experience and knowledge accumulated in the past by previous generations. Despite being isolated from the maternal ethnos, the Buryat diaspora in China managed to preserve its cultural potential, not to lose its language and traditions. The ethnopsychology of the pastoralists outside the native nomadism was based on the idea of the need for homecoming, which contributed to the formation of mental attitudes and shaping a special way of thinking, regulating the livelihoods of several generations of migrants. The main stereotypes of the national character of the Chinese Buryats are rooted in indissoluble ties with the mother ethnic group and adherence to the traditional values of ancestors, which are based on a certain way of life – the traditional form of husbandry (cattle breeding), nomadic lifestyle, natural habitat (endless steppes). This explains their characteristic behavioral features: extreme restraint in expression of emotion, deliberation in everyday life, balance of actions, deliberation of action, philosophical perception of the world, special mental makeup in terms of time and distance – they are vague, spaced out, non-concrete. The mentality of the Buryat Diaspora in China is closely associated with belonging to the Buddhist religion, determining the basis of education and worldview – compassion for all living things, observance of moral and mental purity, respect for family customs and traditions. Keywords: mindset, mentality, Buryats of China, traditional culture, values, sociocultural attitudes, oral folklore tradition | 851 | |||||
| 328 | This article contains information about the first experience in the development of an electronic database of Tuvan lexemes within the framework of the project "Creation of a database of the Tuvan lexical Fund" (RGNF / RFBR No. 16-04-1220, 2016-2017). The created databases contain the main body of full lexemes (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, pronouns), distributed by semantic classes, subclasses, groups, subgroups, and microgroups. Systematized database of lexicon will be used for further work on semantic markup of electronic texts corpus of the Tuvan language, compiling various types of dictionaries for Tuvan language. Databases will be used to compile different types of dictionaries. Creation of electronic databases is performed using the Access2010 database management system. Texts in the Tuvan language will be processed using the C ++ object-oriented programming system. These systems support Unicode encoding, in which all texts in Tuvan are digitized. Computer programs will be created both for computers with the Windows operating system, and for mobile devices with the Android operating system. Currently, the search is performed in the program Ехсе1. Information on the creation of databases for the project is available on the Internet on the page of the Electronic Corpus of Tuvan Language Texts http://tuvancorpus.ru/?q=content/bazy-dannyh. Keywords: Tuvan language, database, lexicon, lexical-semantic categories, lexical-semantic classes, lexical-semantic subclasses, lexical compatibility | 850 | |||||
| 329 | This paper deals with common linguistic features of Khanty and Selkup languages, which can be interpreted as contact-induced. On the one hand, Khanty and Selkup languages were in a situation of quite a long and stable interaction. On the other hand, each of these languages is characterized by a high degree of dialect divergency, and local variants of both languages in demonstrate a higher degree of interference of linguistic systems. Thus, instances of contact-induced changes are stratified depending on whether they represent a more archaic stratum, being attested in all varieties of Khanty and Selkup, or later contact-driven innovations with a limited areas of distribution. In the paper Selkup data is compared to the data of other Samoyed languages. On the one hand, the comparison shows that Khanty always should be regarded as a donor language, and Selkup - as a recipient language. On the other hand, a comparison of Eastern Khanty dialects with Southern and Northern Khanty dialects one can suspect a "conservative" areal influence on Eastern Khanty, wchich resulted in the retaintion of a number of archaic linguistic features lost by other dialects. Within the domain of phonology the following instances of interference can be distinguished: 1. Phenomena common to the Khanty and Selkup: Consonant systems; Restrictions on the vocalism of later syllables; Paradigmatic ablaut; 2. Phenomena peculiar to the Selkup and Eastern dialects of the Khanty: Vowel systems; "Labialized consonants"; Secondary Selkup vowel harmony 3. Phenomena peculiar to individual dialects of Selkup and Eastern dialects of Khanty: Secondary "Narym" vowel harmony. Keywords: the Khanty language, the Selkup language, language contact, linguistic interference, dialectology, phonology | 849 | |||||
| 330 | Modern processes of globalization are accelerating the threat of the disappearance of the languages of the indigenous peoples of the North. In today's conditions of active development of bi — and polylinguism, the problem of preserving and developing the endangered languages of the Northern peoples is particularly relevant. In these circumstances, it is necessary to take advantage of favorable opportunities for proficiency in two or more languages. The article describes a fragment of a collective speech portrait of children in the context of two — (poly)paganism. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the work of linguists devoted to the problems of speech portrait, language personality. The material is based on the results of research conducted in 3 regions of the Russian Federation where representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East live: Evens, Evenks, Dolgans, Nenets, Khanty, Selkups etc. A total of 253 respondents were included in the study, representing three groups: students, teachers, and parents. When creating a fragment of a speech portrait, sociocultural, sociolinguistic, psycho-logical, and ethnolinguistic factors affecting the development of children's oral and written speech were identified. The analysis of audio recordings of oral speech (dialogic and monological statements) and written works is carried out. For the most complete description of the speech portrait, an integrated approach was used involving socio-psychological characteristics, descriptions of speech levels of oral and written speech (based on the use of various syntactic constructions) and features of speech communication in the family, school, and with friends. The choice of an integrated approach is justified by the fact that it contributes to the presentation of a speech portrait that reflects a unique picture of children's speech behavior in various communicative situations. Keywords: native languages, indigenous peoples of the North, oral and written speech, speech portrait, bilingualism, multilingualism | 848 | |||||
| 331 | In the present article on the basis of the etymological analysis of the Ossetian and Georgian toponymy of the Darial gorge is an attempt of reconstruction of the ethnic history of the region. Particular attention is paid to the name of the mountain Kazbek — Sæna, coinciding with the name of the population of the Daryal gorge, living at the foot of this mountain. Also discusses possible connections with the group of words of the ethnonym sanars (tsanars), presented in antique and in medieval Arabic and Persian sources. According to the author, the basis of these and other place names of Ossetia is the ancient Iranian verbal stem *san- ‘to rise’, not preserved in the Ossetian language in free use. One of the derivatives of this stem is the toponym Sænæg (name of the river), which has an exact match in the Avestian language — sanaka- ‘mouth of the river’. Keywords: toponymy of Ossetia, mount Kazbek, ethnonym Sanar, history of language, ethnic history, Ossetian language, Georgian language | 846 | |||||
| 332 | In modern times, the spiritual heritage of the peoples of Russia, including their traditional picture of the world, is an object of public and scientific interest. In this context, it is important to reconstruct popular views about the animal world. The purpose of the work is to identify the meaning of the wolf in the mythological judgments of the Buryats and the inclusion of this wild animal in their rituals. Various ethnographic, folklore, and linguistic materials were used as sources for the research. The paper uses the structural-semiotic method as the main one. The analysis shows that the Buryats have formed an ambiguous image of the wolf, characterized by ambivalent connotations. The special role of color symbolism is revealed in the ideas about this animal. The wolf had a heavenly (white wolf) and male symbolism. A positive connotation was also expressed in the recognition of the apotropaic function of his skin. The sacredness of his image is indicated by the custom observed by hunters of removing the skin from the killed predator with the head and some internal organs. The negative characteristic of the wolf was associated with the fact that this beast was perceived as a mediator between worlds. He was identified with trouble. It was believed that it has a demonic nature, serves as a transport for evil spirits. The chthonic origin of the predator was indicated by its relationship with the raven. The wolf also carried the symbolism of aggression and was associated with a military cult. In this context, we should consider its association with weapons and the idea of werewolves. It was found out that in the shamanic rites of the Buryats, the wolf had a sacred status, which was manifested in the poetry and attributes of the shaman (in ritual clothing, in the use of a wolf fetish). It is determined that the Buryat folk beliefs about the wolf find parallels in the traditional worldview of other peoples, which indicates universal and typological phenomena in the Buryat mythological fauna. Keywords: the Buryats, the traditional world, the wild fauna, the image of the wolf, folklore, and ritual | 846 | |||||
| 333 | This paper focuses on the word order studies in the Central dialects of the Selkup language for two time periods: 1970s – 80s of the 20th century and 2000s of the 21st century. The syntactic changes are analyzed in synchrony and the deviations of the basic word order are established between two diachronic periods. At present there are a few native speakers of the Central dialect group remaining, whose language was assimilated in a certain degree under the dominant influence of the Russian language. The two given variants of the Central Selkup dialects have flexible dominant word order, the deviations of which reflect changes in the information structure of a sentence. Comparing the data of two diachronic periods, the changes that have occurred in the Central dialects of the Selkup language are visible – a shift of the original syntactic structure of the Selkup language towards the syntactic structure of the Russian language SOV ˃ SVO, OV ˃ VO. If the sentence only contains an explicitly expressed subject and predicate, comparison of two diachronic periods doesn’t reveal any change: SV = SV. Direct objects in later texts began to follow the predicate of the sentence, unlike the texts of the 1970s – 80s, where it preceded the predicate. The possible absence of explicit subject or direct object is compensated by the presence of the subjective and objective conjugation of the verb. Keywords: word order, information structure, language shift, Selkup language | 844 | |||||
| 334 | The paper presents quantitative data on the modifying participial clauses in Udi (Lezgic, Nakh-Daghestanian), based on text corpora. There are two participles in Udi, a perfective and an imperfective one; modifying participial clauses precede nominal heads, and the participle is clause-final within its clause. Like in other Nakh-Daghestanian languages, modifying participial clauses in Udi are close equivalents of relative clauses proper. However, as they allow a wider range of possible associations between a head noun and a clause, they can be rather assigned to what is known as general noun-modifying clause constructions (GNMCCs). The main goal of the paper is the analysis of frequencies of different associations between participial clauses and head nouns in terms of arguments, adjuncts or otherwise. In total, about 1,000 occurrences of participial clauses in the Nizh dialect of Udi were taken into account, drawn from three corpora: one spoken, one written comprising a translated text of the Gospel of Luke, and another written corpus comprising two collections of original folklore. The Udi data were compared to the data on relativization frequencies available for a few other Nakh-Daghestanian languages, including Agul, Archi, Lezgian, etc. The main generalizations which can be made from the counts are as follows. In participial clauses, intransitive predicates (especially the verb ‘be’) turned out to be more frequent than transitive ones. Relativization of the three core arguments S, A and P accounts for the vast majority of all occurrences (more than 80%), with the intransitive subject S by far outnumbering agent and patient (the same is true for the other languages of the family). Unlike in some other related languages, relativization of the agent is more frequent than that of the patient in Udi. Relativizations frequencies for peripheral arguments and adjuncts is small compared to some other languages of the family (less than one fifth of all occurrences). Among the non-core relativizations, the locative and the temporal ones are the most common. Also, the Udi data confirms the impression that although “extended” uses (i.e. non-syntactic associations) typical of GNMCCs are indeed attested, their frequency is very low. Keywords: relativization, relative clause, participle, participial clause, corpus linguistics, Nakh-Daghestanian languages, East Caucasian languages, Lezgic languages, Udi language | 838 | |||||
| 335 | The “external soul” (person dies when some object or creature is destroyed) and the “Achilles heel” (The only vulnerable spot is near the surface of person’s body and not in his inner organs) are folklore motifs used to explain why a particular person cannot be killed or how he can be killed. As other 2700 motifs which global distribution is demonstrated in our database, the “external soul” and the “Achilles heel” are a product not of the universal “primitive mind” but of particular historical processes and circumstances and we try to reveal the age and region of their initial spread. In Central and South Africa, Australia and Melanesia both motifs are rare or totally absent. This makes improbable their origin in the Out-of-Africa time. The “Achilles heel” is often found in North and South America but its Eurasian area is sporadic. On the contrary, the “external soul” is very popular across most of Eurasia but in the New World it, is found only in North but not in South America. It looks plausible that in the Old World the motif of “Achilles heel” was mostly ousted by the “external soul” being preserved in the New World thanks to its isolation from Eurasia. The lack or rarity of these motifs in the Northeast Asia and in Alaska and American Arctic excludes, possibility of their late diffusion across Bering Strait. Because both motifs were brought to America by the early migrants, their age in Eurasia must exceed 15,000 years, the “Achilles heel” being probably older. At the time of the peopling of America, both motifs had to be well known to the oral traditions of the Northeast Asia. Their rarity or absence there in historic time is in conformity with significant differences between genetic samples of Early and Late Holocene populations of Siberia. The complicated version of the “external soul” according to which a life essence is hidden in a series of objects and beings, one inside the other, is absent in America. Such a variant probably spread across the Old World after the end of antiquity being used in fairytales. Keywords: peopling of America, early migrations, comparative folklore studies, the “external soul”, the “Achilles heel” | 837 | |||||
| 336 | In Turkic-Mongolian mythology the most common appealing to the deity during ceremonial actions (veneration of celestial beings, spirits of ancestors, spirits of mountains and fire) is the word khairkhan / kairakan. The article is devoted to the meanings of this word in Turkic and Mongolian rite acts, revealing of their differences depending on traditions, rite action, language features in the diachronic aspect. The analysis of the theonym khayrkhan / kairakan of Mongolian peoples in comparison with Siberian Turks of the Sayan-Altay area from the point of view of preservation and transformation of the code word in the rite tradition seems relevant. The author aims to identify from a semiotic point of view the meaning of the theohym khairkhan, and its connotations, fixed in tradition. The etymology of the word khairkhan in the Mongolian and Turkic languages of the Sayan-Altay area has been considered. The mythological semantics of this word have been studied on material of the rite texts of Mongolian and Turkic peoples. The main denotations, such as the supreme deity, the guardian spirit (spirits of mountains, fire, ongon-spirits), and totem (bear, snake) were revealed. Depending on the cultural experience of the people, the denotation of theonym changes in different language environments, rite tradition and time continuum. It is assumed that strict observance of ritual, prescribed behavior, transmission of formula expressions without changes contributed to preservation of this word as a key word in the memory of the collective. Its mythological background with ancient sacred roots sounds as echo in ritual action. It is established that khairkhan / kairakan is one of the oldest symbols of the deity in the Turk- Mongolian tradition. If one considers the theonym without going beyond the sustainable cultural context, in Turk-Mongolian mythology it is used in its basic denotative meaning as giving mercy. The author concludes that theonym khairkhan / kayrakan, while maintaining its archetypal mythological meaning, is a steady code word in the Turk-Mongolian rite tradition. Keywords: tradition, mythology, ceremony, worship, deity, spirit, fire, mountain | 837 | |||||
| 337 | According to physiographic region defining, the Lower Ket region belongs to the middle taiga zone of the right Bank of the Ob River. Its features are: strong swampiness, predominance of dark coniferous forests and podzolic type of soil. Natural and climatic conditions influenced the cultural development of the population living here. In archaeological terms the downstream Ket region is studied insufficiently. The need to study of the late Middle Aged monuments of the region was dictated by the problem of the origin of the southern Selkups, and their local dialect groups. Yoltyrevskaya Kurgan group I was discovered by V.E. Dobychin in 1963, and first investigated in 2008. The article considers the problems of chronology, cultural and ethnic origin of the late Middle Age population, the one who left this burial ground. The group consists of 10 mounds. Mound № 1 is excavated. The remains of three disturbed burials were discovered under the mound: an individual 18–22 years old and two children 3–5 and 7–9 years old. The original burial was performed on a burnt ground, in a wooden frame-lining. Judging by the surviving bones of the skeleton, the deceased was buried in an extended position, on his back, head to the southwest. Among the inventory is clay molding vessels, with a continuous ornamentation of the wall with a toothed print, cross-shaped lining, buttons made of beads, knife, and arrowhead. Perhaps, with the re-burial of children (only the lower jaws were found), to the mound the initial burial was disturbed. The inventory and ceramic tableware allow dating the burial to the XVI – the beginning of the XVII century. Analogues of the material complex and the rite are known from the Selkup burial mounds of this period in the Narym Ob region. The site was left by one of the Selkup groups settled in the lower reaches of the Ket River Keywords: Ket, Yoltyrevskaya Kurgan group I, burial, later Middle Ages, Selkup | 836 | |||||
| 338 | The article deals with the traditional worldview of the Sayan-Altai Turks, determined by their identification and a variety of ways of their positioning in the sacred space. The sacred and the profane are basic to any belief system. It should be noted that the space in the perception of traditional culture is heterogeneous and the object of the study in this article is the sacred space in the worldview of the Altai, Khakas and Tuvinian people. The task to allocate sacral loci from daily and household space is set. Some loci are more semantic than others. The allocation of space elements, their saturation with mythological semantics, either positive or negative, is determined by belonging to the earthly or otherworldly worlds. A special place is occupied by such binary oppositions as "sacred" – "ordinary", "own" – "alien", "developed"– "undeveloped", "East" – "West", " new moon" –"old moon", "day"– "night". Keywords: sacred space, stability, traditional culture, the Sayan-Altai, binary oppositions | 832 | |||||
| 339 | The article attempts to describe the history of an archaic look of an old Yakut fur coat in terms of its functional purpose and syncretic social stratification. The bird wings depicted on the back of the fur coat are of particular importance that also serves as a justification for naming this type of outerwear as “hotodooh son” (a fur coat with an eagle). The retrospective is based on data from early and late sources and allows us to express an assumption about the appearance of such a fur coat approximately at the end of the 17th century – the beginning of the 18thcentury. There is a hypothesis about its southern origin, so that we indicate the factors that determined the tendency of its gradual modification in northern conditions. Realization of the task requires the use of an integrated approach involving data from ethnography, art history, cultural studies, technology, and design of clothing, linguistics, for which the authors summarized the available resources studying traditional Yakut clothing, which also includes this coat. After analyzing a number of works on this topic, a preliminary conclusion can be made: the authors of publications believe that the symbolic marking of an ornithomorphic image on a fur coat is a sign of the totem as the ancestor of the social group of kangalans. However, there are some articles that do not set the task of interpreting the hidden meaning depicted on the back of a fur coat - they consider it, first of all, from utilitarian functional purpose. The attention of the authors of this article is focused on an attempt to read the information incorporated both in the name of the fur coat and the symbol in the wings. According to the authors, the story of “hotodooh son” is fraught with many valuable facts for those who are interested in the history of the Yakut people as a whole. Keywords: Yakut ancient coat, museum, material culture, eagle totem, Yakuts, shaman, outerwear | 829 | |||||
| 340 | The article presents the results of the research, which were based on the material of 123 Yakut, Altai and Khakass folk tales from academic publications. Semantic convergence of 22 names of food on the composition of the dish is given: dairy, meat, fish, vegetable. It is emphasized that in the stories of folk tales, presented are words that reflect the gastronomic vocabulary of the real life of the people. Food is tied to a traditional occupation, to everyday life, i.e. in many ways has an everyday character. It was revealed that the system of names of food of the Yakuts, Khakass and Altaians arose on the basis of the general type of traditional occupations — cattle breeding and horse breeding. The comparative-comparative method established that the considered vocabulary of food has a heterogeneous nature, which is directly related to the development of territories with different natural and climatic conditions. The comparison and collation method established that the considered vocabulary of food has a heterogeneous nature, which is directly related to the development of territories with different natural and climatic conditions. The main difference is due to different conditions of occurrence: cold climate, permafrost Yakut lyyba); developed agriculture (Altaic talkan), etc. The lexemes related to the periphery of the gastronomic vocabulary are described: common Turkic base bïš- 'to boil, stew; names of kitchen utensils, dishes (Khakass берёста ‘table’, etc.); fragments of the ritual of asking for a child (Khakass tale "Khuzurgas"); national traditions (hospitality, ritual food). Keywords: Yakut language, Altai language, Khakass language, Turkic languages, folk tale, food vocabulary | 827 | |||||
| 341 | Among many household ceremonies of the Western Buryats so called cult of Mongol is of special interest. The mysterious image of mythological character of “Mongol” was researched by many ethnographers, so in this paper ethnographic and folkloristic analysis of the cult of Mongol is mostly based on present-day field materials of the author. It is important to make the cross-disciplinary research of the folklore text in the ethnocultural context connected to realities of time. It generates new paradigmatic questioning. Analysis along the historical / mythological coordinates reveals the prototype of the Mongols, formerly inhabiting this area. From the mythological point of view, the study considers the spirit of character of “Mongol” living in the courtyard or in the house, in the forest nearby. Some ethnic groups of the Buryats have the cult of the Mongol as spirit of the owner of the area. The unknown mythological spirit “Mongol” can resemble the spirit owner of the yard; also possible are other local embodiments with identical function of the protector. As a result of the analysis of one private ceremony, the author comes to the conclusion that in present-day ritual events, the reality often exaggerates the subtext containing more ancient mythological history, and replaces it with the new meaning. The mythological character with initial harmful function by means of ceremonies of worship turns into protecting spirit. In some local traditions over time its function of the owner of the area was narrowed and transformed to the protector of the cattle and a farmstead. In other local traditions it extended to the heavenly deity. Keywords: cult, mongol, history, myth, tradition, etymology, symbol | 826 | |||||
| 342 | The purpose of the paper is to characterize the Khakass myth about "The exterminating Arins by snakes". The following objectives for the study were set: to systematize and analyze various variants of this folk story and to introduce into scientific circulation new archival materials on the designated topic; and to identify the historical context of the narrative in question. The chronological scope of the work covers the late 18th through the middle of the 20th centuries. The choice of such time frame is conditioned, first of all, by the state of the source database on the topic. The study is based on an integrated, system-historical approach to the study of the past. The research methodology is based on historical and ethnographic methods - scientific description, concrete historical analysis, structural-semantic and relict. As a result of the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) the myth about “the extermination of Arins by snakes" is a unique product of the oral folk art of the Khakass. With its unusual plot, it aroused deep scientific interest among researchers, beginning in the 18th century and continuing into the 20th century. As a result, its variants were recorded and published. 2) the myth distinguishes two main alternating themes. First, there is a complex of views associated with snakes. In the religiousmythological consciousness of Khakass the image of this reptilian was endowed with sacred features, although in general the attitude towards it was ambiguous. This representative of the reptiles belonged to the category of animal totems, revealing a mystical relationship with certain Khakas genera, in particular the Kachin tribe Yzyr. Secondly, the designated myth brightly illustrates the process of ethnocultural interaction of the designated ethnic communities. In this respect, under the symbolic extermination of Arins by snakes, in our opinion, it is necessary to understand the real historical processes of turkization and assimilation of Ket-speaking groups by Khakas. Thus, the myth in question has the character of a genealogical narrative. In it, in a deeply symbolic form, the historical events that took place in the life of the designated ethnic group were reflected. By concluding marital unions and migration processes, the Arins joined the Khakas people, and became one of the Khakass clans, settled on Khakass territory. Keywords: history and culture of Khakas, ethnic processes, folklore, myth, symbol, snake, Arins | 824 | |||||
| 343 | Complexes of stone pieces and products of its knapping are found on settlement sites of the Lower Tom river basin. These artifacts are a meaningful source of knowledge about the economy of the ancient inhabitants of the lower reaches of the river Tom in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Over the past few decades, a number of settlement and burial complexes of this period have been discovered and partially investigated. But there is still no holistic scheme for the development of flintknapping by the ancient population in the Neolithic and Bronze Age in the territory of the Lower Tom river basin. At the same time, the information potential of the colossal volume of materials accumulated by previous researchers has not been fully disclosed. One of the possible solutions to this complex of problems is a comparative analysis of stone pieces and products of its knapping from various archaeological sites of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages. The use of modern methods of statistical processing of mass archaeological material allows us to solve this problem by determining the occurrence of various signs in the studied categories of artifacts. The combined use of morphological typology and statistical analysis in the scientific literature is called the attributive approach. The primary result of the study is the allocation of approach significant characteristics of the stone industry of the Samuska III settlement. This information, obtained by statistical analysis of the stone industry, allows you to create a starting point in building a regional scheme for the development of stone knapping technology in the Neolithic and Bronze Age in the territory of the Lower Tom river basin. Highlighted characteristic features of this industry will be used as the basis for subsequent comparative and analytical activities. The presence of certain products in the materials from the Samuska III settlement in conjunction with the results obtained allows us to conduct full-scale experiments and technological modeling of the process of stone knapping to verify the results of analytical procedures. This fact actualizes a number of problems on the study of the Stone Age of the river basin Tom. Keywords: Samus, Tom, Paleometall, pre-Andron Period, microliths, industry, analysis, statistics, attribute | 823 | |||||
| 344 | The paper deals with negation markers mar in Chuvash in the context of negation markers in non-verbal predication in other Turkic variesties. The field data (elicited example and texts) were collected in Maloye Karachkino, Yadrinsky District, Chuvash Republic in 2017–2019, so the study concerns the Maloye Karachkino (or Poshkart) dialect. The paper describes in details the uses of negation marker mar and it claims that the negation marker mar has functions of astrictive negation conveying the meanings of identification and attribute of an object. It also negates some locative contexts. The other type of uses concerns with an intrusion of the negation marker mar into the negation of verbal predication. The negation marker mar occurs with some non-finite forms (the future participle on -as-, the infinitive ending on –ma- and the form on -malla). The paper aims to analyze the negation marker mar in Chuvash and additionally put it in the context of Volga and Siberia Turkic languages. There are related negation markers (eves in the Tuvinian language, emes in Tofa, nimes in Khakas and others) in Siberian Turkic languages and non-related ascriptive negation markers (tügel in Tatar and Bashkir, degil in Turkish). As evidenced by different corpora of Turkic languages in Sibiria and Volga, such negation markers have the same core semantic covering ascriptive negation. Their extensional meanings are, however, different, as well as their grammatical features. Thus, this short description may be first step to further research of microtypology of non-verbal negation. Keywords: Chuvash, Turkic languages, non-verbal negation markers, ascriptive negation | 821 | |||||
| 345 | Causativity is a functional-semantic category, which is implemented at different levels of the language system. Causative verbs in the Buryat language have morphological expression. Causation is one of the most productive derivations here. Causative markers can be attached to both non-derived bases and derivatives. Quite often in the Buryat language there is a double marking of causative verbs-double causation, which is characteristic of agglutinative languages. The main purpose of this article is to study the phenomenon of double causation in the Buryat language. The tasks include consideration of formal features of verbs with double causation, analysis of their semantic and functional features. Thus, it is show that productive suffixes -uul, -lga participate in the formation of double causation in the Buryat language. Other affixes do not participate in the formation of the second degree of causation. It is also revealed that the order of affixes addition is more widespread here, in which the same affixes are not duplicated, but new ones are added, while unproductive suffixes always precede productive ones. Double causation in the Buryat language indicates the large number of individual participants in the causative situation, which involves the expression of the value of distant causation, the expression of the value of permissive causation. Also, double causation is able to Express the value of intensity or multiplicity of causative action, the value of step-by-step causation. Double and even triple causation can also be a sign of excessive marking, simple duplication. In the Buryat language, causative suffixes can appear in the passive sense and lose the value of causation, but we note the fact that such examples also allow for double causation, which is also excessive. The paper also draws attention to the question of double causation of lexical causatives, in which the causative are not marked causative verbs. Keywords: double causation, causative verb, causation, lexical causative, morphological causative, causative affixes, distant causation | 819 | |||||
| 346 | This paper continues a series of publications that report the results oftechnical and technological analysis of ceramics from the Early Iron Age monuments of the Tomsk Ob Region, which are attributed to Shelomok and Tomsk variants of the Kulay cultural and historical community. Fragments of ceramics have been taken for analysis from the Shelomok I burial ground, Kizhirovo and Samus II settlements. The results of analysis demonstrate both similarities and differences in the choice of raw materials and the preparation of molding compounds. For example, the addition of granite gruss with white and transparent quartz inclusions to the pottery paste was typical of Shelomok II settlement (Pletneva, Stepanova, 2018), while the pottery paste from the burial ground included granite with red (pink) quartz inclusions. These monuments are located nearby, at a distance of 500 m away from each other, in the same natural environment. Perhaps, the materials of the burial ground reflect the complex cultural processes of the early Iron Age that took place in the Tomsk Ob region and record the arrival of the population from the Achinsk-Mariinsky district of tagar culture. Keywords: technical and technological analysis of ceramics, burial ground, settlement, archeology | 819 | |||||
| 347 | Turaevsky burial ground became known in 1969, excavations were carried out in 1986–1990, the monument is fully published. Among the inventory Turaevo, grave 73 there are several plate-shaped pendants of a rectangular and trapezoidal shape, the question of the origin of which requires repeated analysis. Pendants from Turaevo, grave 73 are not at all characteristic of Mazunino archeological culture. With the simplicity of the form and technique, the pendants almost do not find analogies in synchronous monuments. There are none in the «closest kindred» cultures, Glyadnovo, Kara-Abyz, Azelino, they are neither by the Sarmatians, nor in the «Old Mordovian» monuments, nor among the Ryazan'-Oka monuments. The nearest territories where plate-shaped bijouterie are represented are the areas of Dyakovo and Moschino cultures. The context of the finds shows that on both Late-Dyakovo and Moschino monuments, such bijouterie is associated with finds of things from the circle of East European enamels, and is a local version of the «enamel» complex. Plate-shaped bijouterie are represented on the monuments of Kiev-culture, Zarubinets-culture and the culture of late hatched ceramics. The date of the Turaevo grave 73 is ambiguous. Iron pendants for headwear and an iron butterfly-shaped brooch are characteristic of the second «large» period of the Mazunino culture. But the beads gives a date within the 3rd century, rather, its second half or middle. This dating is supported by a set of plate-shaped pendants having origins in the «enamel circle» and from a fragment of the epaulet-shaped buckle of the previous «Pyany Bor» culture. Findings of a «enamel circle» occasionally occur in Kama river valley, and belong to the 2nd (Azelino burial grounds) and 3rd (Mazunino burial grounds) stages of evolution. The transmission mechanism can be supposed across of the population of the Late-Zarubinets (Akhmedov I. R., 2018, p. 150, 157) and the Kiev (Biklyan' settlement) in the process of going to the East (Akhmedov I. R., Belotserkovskaya I. V., 2007, p. 273). Keywords: grave goods, plate-shaped decorations, chronology, Mazunino archeological culture, Kama river valley, artifacts with champlevé enamel of East European style | 819 | |||||
| 348 | The article is devoted to the use of outdated ethnonyms and ethnophaulisms in contemporary Russian museum practice. In a number of European and North American countries in recent years there has been a tendency to rename museum objects containing ethnophaulisms in their names (Negro, savage, barbarian, Kaffir, etc.). In the Russian museum practice, this problem was not voiced in any way, although its scale is comparable with the situation in the museums of other former empires. Basing on the labeling of exhibition projects in Russian museums, as well as the materials presented in the State Catalog of the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation, the authors conduct a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the use of outdated ethnonyms and ethnophaulisms in Russian museum practice and formulate practical recommendations on the use and adaptation of outdated ethnonyms in museums. Keywords: ethnophaulisms, museum, museum anthropology, etiquette, museum communities, ethnonyms, the State Catalog of the Museum Fund | 810 | |||||
| 349 | The paper first considers the specifics of color designations in the Altai mythological discourse. The factual material of the research was published and unpublished folklore texts, in particular, myths, legends, tales, shamanistic campaigns in the Altai language. The color code is important in the conceptualization of the mythological picture of Altaians. The national-cultural specificity of color designations in the mythological discourse is due to their compatibility with concepts-nominations, designating various objects and phenomena of the invisible world. Color designations can be the first component of naming the various names of supernatural beings, deities, spirits, or their clothes. The basic colors revealed in the traditional mythological picture of Altaians — ak “white”, kara “black”, kyzyl “red”, sary “yellow”, kÿreң “brown”, kök “blue” and jazhyl “green” — in the conceptualization of mythological, mythical images, objects of the unreal (invisible) world on the basis of their deepest archetypal signs that arose as a result of associative-metaphorical transfer. In combination with mythological concepts related to the Upper World, white is a sign of divine purity, holiness, blue is a sign of heaven, green is a sign of greenery and lighted sky, red and yellow are a sign of the shining sun. In combination with the mythological images of the Lower World, black as the antipode of white symbolizes darkness, death, red symbolizes blood, hellish hell, yellow means withering, disease, evil, blue means cold, ice, water, green — dim light in darkness. When mythological archetypes were refracted into the system of folk ethics, the transformation of the signs “light — dark” into the signs “good — evil” occurred. In addition to the color code, the zoomorphic code of the Altai culture is used in the conceptualization and structuring of the mythological other world, in the modeling of its geographical landscape and the conceptualization of the world. Keywords: ethnolinguistics, Altai language, color code, color designation, conceptualization, conceptual sign, myth, mythological picture of the world, mythological concept, mythonym | 806 | |||||
| 350 | The study compares for the first time the mythological images of characters in shaman ceremonial materials of the Turk-Mongolian people. The aspect of areal interethnic research is relevant for revealing the boundaries of distribution and genesis of important facts in a cult ceremony of the Turk-Mongolian people. The main method of a research is the comparative analysis of characters’ metamorphosis in the Mongolian, Buryat, Tuva and Yakut shaman ceremonies. The aim of the study is to explore of system of features of spirit transformations in the Turk-Mongolian mythology, revealing the similar features and motives in the metamorphosis of characters in a ceremonial event. As a result of the study, the authors define the semiotics status of characters, the universal facts of identical or similar characters in the Turk-Mongolian tradition. It is possible to trace the general schemes of metamorphosis of characters, the repetition and variations of dominant characters in ceremonial actions in the Turk-Mongolian mythology. Keywords: ceremony, spirit of the shaman, anthropomorphous character, zoomorphic character, myth, tradition, motive, symbol | 804 | |||||