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| 301 | In this article, we are conducting a study on the origin of the Anlаut phoneme [š] in the Turkic languages using the example of one of the Kypchak languages, viz. the Bashkir language. In the Turkic languages, the problem of the existence of lexemes with the initial phoneme [š] is very relevant. The Altaicists do not reconstruct it to the pre-Turkic state. Presence of the grapheme š in the Turkic runic monuments is also controversial. However, our research shows that onomatopoeia with the initial [š] and their derivatives are widely spread in the Turkic languages, and they show analogies. This phenomenon can speak of the existence of a sizzling phoneme in the ancient Turkic state before the dissolution of the Turkic language community, at least in imitative words. In the Bashkir language in independent parts of speech, the initial phoneme [w] is a phonetic innovation of the transition of the Proto-Turkic *s > š. The [š] Anlaut in the Bashkir language can also be the result of the spirantization of the praTurk affricate *č-. Most of the lexemes are ancient borrowings even in the period of the existence of the Bashkir language in the ancient Turkic community (Mongolisms, ancient Indian borrowings), and later – at the stage of independent existence in the Ural-Volga region (Bulgarisms, Finno-Ugric borrowings, etc.). Keywords: Bashkir language, Turkic, assimilation, borrowings, Anlaut "š", spirantization | 1499 | |||||
| 302 | The article is the first to give an ethno-linguistic analysis of the theonyms Yezim and Yazhylkan) in the shamanic mythology of the Altaians, taking into account their origin, historical and ethnographic context and cultural semantics. The research material is shamanic texts, written at the beginning of the twentieth century in various dialectal groups of Altaians. In the internal form of these theonyms lies the motivating word jеs / jas ‘copper, copper’ (Yezim – lit. ‘My copper’; Jazhylkan – lit. ‘Copper Khan’). This suggests that the origin of these theonyms is associated with the mythologization of copper and the deification of the mountains. The mythologization of metals and the appearance on the basis of this folklore images is characteristic of archaic cultures. The Altai shamans called Yezim a mountain, as well as the host spirit of this mountain, which they considered their patron saint (aru töc). Altai shamans believed that this copper mountain is located in the very center of the earth, where there is a copper poplar connecting all three worlds – upper, middle and lower. The shaman reaches the mountain peak of Yezim, overcoming seven obstacles. From the deity of Yezim, the shamans received a shamanic gift, spirit helpers, and attributes. The motivating word jеs / jas ‘copper, copper’, which lies in the inner form of the theonym Yazhylkan (Chalkan variant – Tjazhyn), makes it possible to compare this deity with the thunder-god, the patron of blacksmithing in Buryat mythology, Yashil-Sagaan-Tengri. Both Buryats and Chalkans attributed these deities to the category of gods (tengri, tegriler). Altaians was made for this deity an image of a white hare's skin and put it in a yurt. Keywords: ethnolinguistics, mythology, shamanism among the Altaians, shamanic text, theonym, mythonim, mythotoponim, personification, copper in the mythology of the Turks | 1499 | |||||
| 303 | The problem of axiological preferences of the Finno-Ugric ethnic group (Mordvinian) against cultural peculiarities of German ethnic group as exemplified in the folk tales is discussed. In the tale reality the axiological norms function as an ideal model of a person that has to stabilize the given type of the society. The guides and differences in the basic maxims of nationally marked axiological system of Mordvinian and German community are defined. Similarities are defined by close connection to the nature, the forest, special love to the tree (the oak). Specific features are embodied in the different world perception. For the Mordvinian people the forest is positively depicted because the forest, the nature, the person mean the life and the shelter from the disaster and the evil. German people take the forest as bearing hostility and even fatal danger. Syncretism in Mordvinian thinking brings syncretism in language categories and defines the person as not separated out from the outside forces. But in the German mentality autonomy of the individual who makes decisions himself confirms as the social value that is a condition of the happy life. The German tale creates the axiological model in which the person is a free individual not lacking in creation as an individual is in the fullness of existence. Axiological model of the Mordvinian tale is implemented in the idea about some force which includes magic that rules reality, can punish for unkind acts and reward for dignified behavior. Orientation of the person’s activity depends on preferences, meanings and existence values that although change from one epoch to another but are established by the traditions of ethnical communities. Keywords: axiological system of the ethnical group, ambivalence, folk tale, world view, language categories, axiological preferences, program of the action | 1498 | |||||
| 304 | The paper deals with the system of future reference forms in both Enets dialects: Future and Debitive attested both in Forest Enets and Tundra Enets, Hypothetical attested only in Forest Enest and Analytical Debitive attested only in Tundra Enets. The paper provides brief information on morphological structure of these forms, numerical data on their frequency in texts and a comparison of the contexts where these forms are used. Debitive expresses modal meanings of deontic and epistemic obligation and epistemic possibility. Forest Enets Hypothetical is used for weak intentional future and for weak epistemic possibility. Tundra Enets Analytical Debitive is limited by contexts of weak epistemic possibility. The most frequent Future form is used for sure predictive future and sure intentional future, but also is attested in modal contexts mentioned above. This can be summarized as a privative opposition between the Future form that has an unrestricted general future meaning and modal forms that are used for more particular modal meanings. This feature of the Enets verbal system contrasts it with a known cross-linguistic distinction of future certainty vs. future possibility and therefore Enets data are of interest for linguistic typology. Keywords: Enets, Samoyedic, future, modality, verbal forms competition | 1497 | |||||
| 305 | In Khakass language verbal analytical form -ip tur – denotes regular iterative piecemeal actions. The lexical components in these analytical forms are multiple unbounded verbs of action, activity and temporal state. In the zero form –ip tur is usually used in speech and denotes regular repetition of actions in the window of the actual observed present time. In metaphorical use, when past events are described as in now-situation, form –ip- tur performs the function of the so-called present historical. Attaching to different forms of the verb (time, mood, participle, adverbial participle, infinitive), in the narrative with the participation of the form -ip tur – is used in utterances behalf of the author and expresses the value of regular iteravity. In the imperative form ip tur means the advise to postpone the action until a certain period. There are two forms and two situations of negation with the verb tur (-bin tur and -ip turbas-) with the value of private and public denial of iterative design. Keywords: Khakass language, verbs of position, verbal analytical forms, aspectuality, iteravity, grammaticalization of the verb to stand | 1497 | |||||
| 306 | Interdisciplinary studies of urban linguistic landscapes, which have recently shown considerable dynamics, are among the most actively developing areas of modern humanitarian knowledge. The main task of the research is to describe linguistic landscapes in the context of general issues of multilingual communicative practices, ethnic identity, and language policy. The methodology for studying visual ethnic information represented in urban spaces is constantly evolving. This article attempts to describe the modern bilingual landscape of Petrozavodsk. The Karelian language only began to appear on the city’s streets relatively recently, when the city administration began installing bilingual street signs in Russian and Karelian in 2021. The objectives of this study included not only describing the formation of the modern linguistic landscape in a diachronic way but also analyzing the peculiarities of the naming process of toponyms in Karelian. To this end, the study involved interviews with experts (translators and linguists) who created street signs in Karelian. During the interview, the basic principles of toponym selection were clarified. An equally important task of the work was to find out the opinion of Karelian residents about the use of street signs and façade signs in Karelian in the city. A sociolinguistic questionnaire was developed to carry out the survey. The survey results, in which 60 informants took part, show that the inhabitants of the city and the entire republic have a positive attitude towards the visualization of the Karelian language and the majority believe that it should be expanded. The positive attitude of the informants is directly related to the symbolic function of Karelian language elements in the linguistic landscape. A separate block of questions in the questionnaire aimed to clarify the symbolic area. The analysis of the material has shown that the written represen tations of the Karelian language in the urban space are not related to the possibility of linguistic commodification but to the symbolic dimension of the linguistic landscape – ethnic identity, preservation, and popularization of the Karelian language and its national and cultural value. Keywords: linguistic landscape, the Karelian language, sociolinguistics, multilingualism, identity, survey | 1489 | |||||
| 307 | The article is devoted to the publication of materials of the Bystryanskaya archaeological culture from a multi-layer settlement Novozykovo 3, located in the foothill area of the Altai Krai, 408 sq. m. of which have been studied. The material related to the Maiminskaya archaeological culture have been singled out typologically and planigraphically. They are the dwelling, household building, ceramic and object complexes. The most representative is the ceramic complex presented both, by fragments of ceramics and reconstructed vessels. Its detailed description has been given including characteristics of morphological features (forms of body, bottom and mouth), ornamental elements, ornamental motifs and ornamental compositions. The ceramics complex is divided into three groups. The first is represented by the Maiminskaya ceramics (flat-bottomed bowls and pots with a spherical body, ornamented with pits, smooth stamps and irregular-shaped pins with simple ornamental compositions), the second reflects very close interaction with representatives of Odintsovo culture (well-profiled round-bottomed pots with a spherical body, decorated with pits, smooth and comb stamps with complex ornamental compositions), the third – with nail ornament (pot-shaped vessel with a well-defined neck, a spherical body, a thick flat bottom, slightly curved inwards, ornamented with three varieties of finger ornament, which accompanies almost all the complexes of Maiminskaya ceramics. Novozykovskii stage in the development of the Mayminskaya culture has been identified. The chronological frame has been defined both by the object inventory and the characteristics of the ceramic complex as the VI – VIII centuries A.D. The authors have presented their point of view on the chronology of the Mayminskaya archaeological culture (the I century B.C. – the VIII century A.D.). The material is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Keywords: Settlement, ceramics, culture, foothills, Early Middle Ages | 1488 | |||||
| 308 | In order to reveal the image of the Bashkir mythological figure Azhdaha, we compare him with similar figuresin neighboring and other peoples and try to identify the roots of his appearance in the region. We show and describetwo images of the Bashkir Azhdaha – a fairy-tale, dragon-like appearance and a mythological, serpent-likeappearance. The study is based on the authors’ field material, information from Bashkir folklore, and comparativematerial on Turkic-speaking and Iranian peoples. Azhdaha is known among the Bashkirs in two images: in the epicsand fairy tales, he is represented as a multi-headed dragon, and in various religious beliefs, he is a mythologizedserpent that has reached enormous proportions after a hundred-year life. The presence of many similar featuresamong other peoples of Eurasia suggests that his image evolved in the general Eurasian channel. The dragonitself is a later mythological figure, which is a further development of the image of the serpent, which had an ambivalentcharacter in the representations. Among the Bashkirs, both images – the serpent and the dragon – werecalled by the same name – azhdaha, which has an Iranian etymology and goes back to the Avestic mythology.At the same time, both are negative figures associated with the element of water. Azhdaha, from different beliefs,represents a long-lived serpent, in our opinion, reflecting the transformation of a serpent, which originally hadno clear negative character, into a negative character that harms people. The development of the fabulous and epicazhdaha took place separately, and its image is generally closely associated with the literary tradition of the East.His image is less uniform – he may be many-headed and have the ability to fly, breathe fire, and guard a watersource, or a treasure, mountains appear in the place of his slain body. Close to the first serpent/dragon from thelegends, which are preserved only in records from the XIX – early XX centuries. He was a huge serpent whoserestlessness forced the local population to change their residence. Keywords: azhdaha, dragon, serpent, mythological character, Bashkirs | 1486 | |||||
| 309 | As shown in a number of recent publications (see, in particular, (Aikhenvald, 2011ab), (Nikitina, 2012), (Evans, 2013)), the binary opposition of direct vs. indirect speech is not applicable to many languages of the world. In particular, in the reported speech constructions of many languages, part of deictic elements is chosen from the perspective of the current interlocutors, whereas other elements are oriented towards the reported interlocutors. This paper discusses personal deixis in the reported speech constructions of Tanti – a dialect of Dargwa (East Caucasian). A remarkable part of these constructions shows “mixed” properties: the verb form is chosen as if it were direct speech, while the pronouns reflect the current communicative situation. As a result, we observe constructions where the verb “disagrees” with the NP that is expected to control agreement (lit. ‘Johni said hei am ill’). I tried to show that in the reported speech, all elements of personal deixis within the verb (person, direct/inverse, etc.) are synchronically chosen from one of the two possible points of view (current interlocutors vs. reported interlocutors). At far as pronouns are concerned, the speaker is free to choose his point of view and not take into account neither the form of the verb nor the person of other pronouns. This violates the well-known ‘Switch Together constraint’ (Anand and Nevins, 2004: 24). In this paper, I explained these phenomena by the “referential” nature of agreement in Dargwa: when choosing an agreement marker, the speaker of Dargwa normally focuses on the properties of the referent of the controlling NP (not on the formal properties of the head noun). At the same time, since “disagreement” and other properties of reported speech are common for several Nakh-Dagestanian languages, we need to look for a more general and more theoretically oriented approach. Keywords: Dargwa, Dargi, Nakh-Dagestanian languages, East Caucasian languages, reported speech, direct speech, indirect speech, personal agreement, gender agreement, semantic agreement | 1484 | |||||
| 310 | The phenomenon of polyculturalism according to the archeological data is represented with a different degree of authenticity at several levels (burial, planographic, subject-related, ritual). In the Early Iron Age, on the territory of the forest steppe of Ob Region, interaction of the population of various origins is most vividly illustrated by multi-grave burial mounds of the Bystrovka necropolis (Bystrovka- 1, 2, 3) dated from no later than the last quarter of 1000 BC with the help of radiocarbon (year-ring) methods. The well-dated tombs from large Upper Ob necropolises, which were used for a considerable time in the Early Iron Age, provide important information for the historical reconstruction of various archaeological cultures. The total number of buried individuals, who lived in this area over the last quarter of the 1st millennium BC, is sufficient for a reliable representation of cultural interrelations that took place during the terminal period of the Early Iron Age in the forest-steppe Ob Basin. Keywords: Early Iron Age, forest steppe Ob Region, polyculturalism, scientific dating methods | 1482 | |||||
| 311 | The article contains the comparative analysis of gaming motives of the Russian, Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian and Karelian people and the as Bashkir, Tatar and Khanty ethnos. The consideration is based on the game "Bear-grandma" and the children's rhymes. The game "Bear-grandma" shows the commonality of the plot and the game songs in the Udmurt, Komi, Khanty, Bashkir and is evidence of a common substrate, rooted in the culture of Western Siberian Ugric peoples of the first Millennium A.D., who lived in the middle and upper reaches of the Ob river; recorded versions of a similar game in Mari and Russian explained ethno-cultural contacts. The comparison of the materials of children's readers allows us to conclude that they are genetically related, demonstrating the calculation of the text. It is hypothesized that "children's zaum" brought to us the oldest words of prayer and conspiracy, preserved at the beginning and end of the text. These materials allow us to assert that the game folklore and gaming culture widespread in the borders of specific areal. Keywords: rhymes, gaming culture, semantics, ritual, ethno-cultural contacts of the peoples of Volga and Ural regions | 1482 | |||||
| 312 | The article analyzes the phenomenon of a long absence from state control of some Evenk groups although their whereabouts was de facto not unknown to local authorities. A group of Evenks with the family name Likhachev was chosen as an example for the study, they migrated from the Podkamennaya Tunguska-river basin through the Vasyugan-river valley to the Lower Irtysh-river area in the last decades of the 19th century. The situation with the extreme lack of official documents confirming the Evenk presence was all the same in all three above mentioned territories which they inhabited. The author considers that the lack of mentionings of the taiga dwellers in documents was due to the actions of three parties: those who did not want to be under the control (the Evenks themselves); those who were satisfied with such a situation (most officials and a large proportion of Christian clergy); and those who actively supported it (some local officials and merchants). Keywords: migration, Northern natives, nomads, state control, Podkamennaya Tunguska-river, Vasyugan-river valley, Demyanka-river, Turtas-river | 1480 | |||||
| 313 | The main purpose of the article is to uncover and analyze language ideologies underpinning multilingual practices of non-Russian first-generation migrants from the former Soviet Union from a translanguaging perspective. The article uses data collected by the authors during a 3-month ethnographically-oriented field study in Western European countries (in-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observation) supplemented by sociolinguistic analysis of informal online communication. It was found that fluid, translingual practices are generally not characteristic for the majority of well-educated post-Soviet migrants, despite the presence of ethnic languages (L1), Russian (L2) and foreign languages (L3-n) in their linguistic repertoire. Instead, we observe predominantly Russian normative speech, lack of desire to cross language boundaries and create hybrid linguistic forms, at least between L1 and L2. The authors see the reasons for this in the Soviet language policy, which products the immigrants from the USSR are “exporting” the relationship between Russian and ethnic languages formed in their home country. The article examines some of the language ideologies and habits that serve as a barrier to translanguaging, namely the ideology of language purism and (Russian) monolingualism, as well as adherence to the “standard language culture”. The level of education is also associated with “pure” speaking in Russian — the more prestigious and more familiar language in which the respondents have the greatest linguistic competence. In general, the authors come to the conclusion that the speech behavior of this polyethnic and multilingual group of migrants described in the article is a consequence of a habitus — deeply hidden, unconscious, “imprinted” linguistic and cultural habits inherited from the Soviet experience and reproduced in life practices abroad. Keywords: translanguaging, code switching, language ideologies, multilingual post-Soviet migrants, linguistic purism, monolingual ideology, standard language culture | 1478 | |||||
| 314 | The purpose of this article is to characterize the image of a ram / sheep in the traditional culture of the Khakas, as an animal that gives a person well-being and prosperity. The chronological framework of the work covers the late 19th — mid-20th centuries. The choice of such time boundaries is due to the state of the source base for the research topic. Leading in the study is the principle of historicism, when any cultural phenomenon is considered in development and taking into account a specific situation. The research methodology is based on historical and ethnographic methods: remnants (relic) and semantic analysis. As a result of the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. in the traditional culture of the Khakas, the ram / sheep and its image occupied an important place. The animal in question was extremely in demand due to its utilitarian and sacred meaning. In practical terms, it was undoubtedly perceived as an important and accessible source of meat food and raw materials for household needs; 2) The presence of a large number of small ruminants along with other domestic animals was the basis of material prosperity and a high social status of a person in society; 3) In folk life, the ram served as a measure of the value of goods and services, was widely used in exchange trade and was a widespread subject of gift exchange processes; 4) The image of a ram was consistently associated with the idea of vitality and fertility; 5) Some rams / sheep were included in the category of sacred domestic animals — yzykh. They acted as living sacrifices to various patron spirits. They believed that they mystically contributed to the well-being of the economy. Yzykh had the status of an inviolable creature and were distinguished by ritual ribbons — chalama; 6) The images of some patron spirits of sheep, to whom the yzykh were dedicated, had their own material image and were called tos. There was a ritual practice in relation to them; 7) The Khakass also gave sacred status to special animals called mal kizik or mal talaan. They usually had the appearance of a lamb and personified the center of happiness and well-being of the entire human economy; 8) In the cult practice of the Khakas, the veneration of a stone statue of a ram khucha tas, the embodiment of the life force of livestock, became widespread. Keywords: Khakas, traditional culture, rituals, ram, sheep, yzykh, tos, image, symbol, fertility, stone statue | 1477 | |||||
| 315 | The description of the processes of language death is one of the most important problems in the study of endangered languages. This article highlights the current state of research on language death in Russia and abroad. The analysis of the dynamics of disintegration of small language forms in places of compact residence of German immigrants is of particular interest. On the basis of primary data, the paper proposes diagnosis of the processes of language death of the second type (involution) based on the example of the decay of German spoken forms used by the representatives of Russian Germans in the Tomsk region. Keywords: involution, language death, Russian Germans, German spoken forms, Russian-German bilingualism, enlarged intra-extralinguistic approach | 1476 | |||||
| 316 | This paper studies a modern Ukrainian novel using the approach worked out by so-called Memory studies. The use of commemoration in fiction is touched upon as well. The article presents the analyses of the novel “If” written by the famous Ukrainian novelist Iren Rozdobud'ko as a practice of the Soviet Union commemoration. The novel was chosen because of the strong and clear opposition of the Past and the Present that allows treating it as a kind of memory place. The work presented can be used as a basis for further analyses of fiction as a type of commemoration. It’s known that one of the most important types of commemoration is the use of the dates; the choice of the dates can influence much on the perception of the work. So, I. Rozdobud'ko emphases on the several events of the 1980s. They are the Olympic Games 1980 and the very beginning of the Afghanistan conflict. These historic events are presented in opposition: a happy one and a sad one. It should be underlined that the author uses no historic names and concrete dates. The other two events opposed are the cultural ones: the death of Vladimir Vysotskiy and so-called All-Union Saturday. While analyzing the work we have come to the conclusion the commemoration effect is reached by presenting the characters’ emotions and thoughts though their dialogues and the monologues of the main character Veronica. The main character, a thirty year old journalist Veronica Ivchenko found herself in 1980 when she was only seven. She perceived everything happened at the time being adult. It helps her to rethink all the events by the mind of an adult person. That leads her to the conclusion that the beginning of the Afghanistan conflict was more important for the people than the Olympic Game, the death of V. Vysotskiy shocked the society, but nobody remembered about the All-Union Saturday. We would like to note that the “entertaining material” used by I. Rozdobud'ko allowed to expose the moral degradation reasons of the modern society in the former Soviet Union countries in the early twenty-first century. Keywords: Memory studies, “places of memory”, commemoration, the collective memory | 1474 | |||||
| 317 | This article contains information about the first experience in the development of an electronic database of Tuvan lexemes within the framework of the project "Creation of a database of the Tuvan lexical Fund" (RGNF / RFBR No. 16-04-1220, 2016-2017). The created databases contain the main body of full lexemes (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, pronouns), distributed by semantic classes, subclasses, groups, subgroups, and microgroups. Systematized database of lexicon will be used for further work on semantic markup of electronic texts corpus of the Tuvan language, compiling various types of dictionaries for Tuvan language. Databases will be used to compile different types of dictionaries. Creation of electronic databases is performed using the Access2010 database management system. Texts in the Tuvan language will be processed using the C ++ object-oriented programming system. These systems support Unicode encoding, in which all texts in Tuvan are digitized. Computer programs will be created both for computers with the Windows operating system, and for mobile devices with the Android operating system. Currently, the search is performed in the program Ехсе1. Information on the creation of databases for the project is available on the Internet on the page of the Electronic Corpus of Tuvan Language Texts http://tuvancorpus.ru/?q=content/bazy-dannyh. Keywords: Tuvan language, database, lexicon, lexical-semantic categories, lexical-semantic classes, lexical-semantic subclasses, lexical compatibility | 1473 | |||||
| 318 | The paper outlines the results of a paleodemographic study on XVIII – XX cc. sample from Sicharog cemetery (Tajikistan, Districts of Republican Subordination). The Sicharog skeletal sample consists of 114 individuals. The material was obtained as a result of rescue archaeological excavation at the zone of construction of the Rogun Hydroelectric power station. The analysis includes computation of the standard paleodemographic parameters; life-tables and demographic curves for the male and female are presented. The Sicharog sample is characterized by a close to normal sex ratio, with a slight predominance of males relative to females. Despite the same average life expectancy for males and females (about 34–35 years), the number of females who survived to the final age interval (50+) is almost twice as high as that of males. The results of a comparative study (using Correspondence Analysis) allow to conclude that the demographic patterns of Sicharog sample are close to those of the skeletal population from rural cemeteries in the Samarkand region of Uzbekistan and differ significantly from the demographic patterns of the population of elite urban necropolises (Bukhara and its neighborhood). It is concluded that the paleodemographic data adequately reflect the real demographic situation in the adult part of the Sicharog population. Possible reasons for the insignificant representation of subadult skeletons in this sample and in other completely excavated cemeteries representing close to the contemporary population of Central Asia, are discussed. The obtained results are important in that they represent a new source of information on the paleodemography of close to Modern population of the Central Asia as a whole, and the Tajiks of Karategin in particular. Keywords: physical anthropology, paleodemography, Sicharog, Tajikistan, Modern history | 1471 | |||||
| 319 | The traditional toy of the northern Selkups, today almost forgotten by them, has not yet been studied by anyone. Meanwhile, it is a vivid fragment of the traditional Selkup culture. The research aimed to return this element of their culture to the Selkup people in the form of a scientific description. Based mainly on museum materials and partly from the author's field materials, five types of toys of the northern Selkups were identified and considered, including six types of dolls. Due to the lack of Selkup material, the method of scientific reconstruction was actively used in the study. Descriptions of the types and types of toys recorded by the Selkups were recreated based on the materials of toys of neighboring peoples. Along the way, it was established which traditions — West Siberian and East Siberian — influenced the formation of the appearance of a particular type / type of toy among the Selkups. The question of the connection between the North Selkup toy — a thing of utilitarian meaning — with the sacred, or, in other words, the question of its symbolic meanings, was considered. The author came to the conclusion that all types and types of Selkup toys in the past were sacred ritual objects, and that in the semiotic status of a toy, the ratio of “sign” and “thing” over time shifted towards the “thing”. The study was completed by the materials included in it on the current state of the traditional North Selkup toy. Keywords: Northern Selkups, Nenets, Khanty, Evenki, Keto, traditional culture, traditional toy, semiotic status of a thing | 1471 | |||||
| 320 | This article on examples of Shor heroic legends explores concepts such as soul (tyn) and power (küš), which have both positive and negative characters epic. The soul understand by Shor People as eternal origin, giving the body lives and capable, separated from him, exist independently. The results of the study found that soul and power arecalled "clean" (aryġ), in relation to the heroes regardless of their role in the epic, positive or negative. In addition, it turned out that the epic power of the main epic hero is stored not just in weapons but also in armor and other items, but the power of the negative character may be in the animal (cat) or the knifeskestik. Lost alyp power and soul restored various magical ways: reception inside (grass-cow parsnip, threejoint herb, egg, water), through the return of personal items (armour, lash), committing any actions (musical trumpet- pyrġa, injection in the mouth). Preserved in the epic beliefs and views associated with the notion of soul and power, reveals that they are identical. Lost force alyp necessarily loses his soul. Keywords: Shor people heroic epics, warrior soul and power, stollen and return of soul | 1467 | |||||
| 321 | Paper is devoted to investigation of peculiarities of ελευθερία and αγάπη concepts in Greek culture at different times: in ancient Greek culture, Byzantine culture, the culture of the Renaissance, and modern culture. The statement that these characteristics are the essential features of the understanding of the human being in Greek culture, which had a significant impact on the development of the Greek ethnos, is substantiated. On the basis of ancient Greek thinkers’ texts, the Bible and contemporary sources the formation and development of the idea of freedom as the essential characteristics of the Hellenes, and the transformation of the content and the semantic difference ἀγάπη compared with other Greek concept that refers to other manifestations of love (ερως, φιλια, στοργη etc) are demonstrated. At each of these stages, the essential relationship between freedom and love, and their inseparability from the human being and opposition to death is observed. Keywords: ελευθερία-freedom, αγάπη-love, ancient Greek culture, Byzantine culture, the culture of the Renaissance, modern culture | 1467 | |||||
| 322 | The article deals with spiritual traditions and everyday regulations of the bezpopovtsy (priestless) Old-Believers of the Ust-Tsilemsky district of the Komi Republic. At all times of the Old Belief development family was the main institute where the religious personality was formed, here the most important foundation of behavior and culture were laid. Family was accumulated folk knowledge and ensured their transmitting. The specifics of formation, preservation and evolution of the family traditions directed to education of the religious personality, unity of family and community, consolidation of ethnokofessional group in general are defined. The most important symbols of the Old-Believers culture – books, icons and the attitude of members of household towards them are in detail described and analyzed. Special attention is paid for a role and value of ethnic traditions in family life. Keywords: Russian conservatives, Ust-Tsilma, traditions, custom, book, family, icons, prayers | 1463 | |||||
| 323 | The article is devoted to the analysis of Buryat value system, features of its transformation in the conditions of growing number of the Buryat-Russian bilinguals, mother tongue loss in Buryats. The data for the study came from the free associative experiment made among the Buryat bilinguals in both. native and Russian language, comparative analysis of the materials of "The Russian associative dictionary", the data of the ethnopsychological research by I. E. Elaeva conducted earlier, and the available data on word frequency in the classic of the Buryat literature by Kh. Namsaraev. The research demonstrates the degree of stability of Buryat value system. The comparative analysis shows that the most high-frequency words are national, most significant lexemes. For the Buryat, the patrimonial relations are important, which is demonstrated by the preservation even in Russian-speaking respondents of such word-responses as mother, relatives, children and father. Traditional value dominants are life, house, homeland, sun, body, work, food, book, thought. The data also show that the distinctive feature of the Buryat consciousness is the appreciation of the teacher and guest. The most significant word-responses designating qualitative characteristics are: hayn 'good, kind', khuney ‘human’, sagaan 'white', seber 'pure', goyo ‘elegant, beautiful’, turgen 'fast', haykhan 'beautiful', buryad ‘Buryat’, dulaan 'warm'. "The love to the country, to the people" is confirmed by entry into high-frequency group of such responses in the domain "person" as: arad and zon 'people'; in the domain "realia" – nyutag 'homeland', in the domain "quality evaluations" – burayd ‘Buryat’. The analysis of comparative constructions also shows that the major value category for Buryat nomads is the nature. The comparative analysis of basic value components of the Buryat language use shows that the influence of Russian language is mainly reflected in a so called "real" environment. It is also established that the influence of a national language code remains rather high, which respectively, also maintains such key Buryat cultural, social consciousness features as emphasizing being peaceful, unaggressive. Keywords: language consciousness, values, associative experiment, Buryat language, bilingualism | 1457 | |||||
| 324 | The article analyzes the structure and meanings of the forms of the Ket reflexive pronoun “self” in typological comparison with similar pronouns in the languages of different systems from synchronic and diachronic point of view. The typological connection of the definitive and reflexive meanings of the pronoun “self” is emphasized in the structural-semantic analysis of word forms expressing them. Then a description of the word form “bin’ ”in the Ket language is given. The declension tables of the considered pronoun are compared with the declension of personal Ket pronouns and nouns. The meanings of the case forms of the pronoun “bin’”, supported by examples of the use of these forms in speech, are described. Forms of the genitive case express a possessive relationship with the meaning of "one’s own". From typological point of view first of all, the data of the Yenisei Kott language are analyzed. Next, material from the languages of Burushaski, Altai, Sanskrit, Dagestan, Finno-Ugric and others is attracted. It is noted that there are few typological examples of the pronoun-deictic origin of the pronoun “self”, however they are available in languages of different genetic groups. Diachronic-typological analysis of the data provided allowed the author to conclude that the Ket pronoun “bin’” is the oldest example of word formation in the language as a whole, it witnesses such a period in the development of the language, when each structure element had its own meaning. Keywords: pronoun bin', Ket language, deictic particles, predicative forms, reflexive pronoun, Burushaski language, Indo-European languages, Finno-Ugric languages | 1457 | |||||
| 325 | The article deals with the graphical system of a Western Khanty manuscript — the Russian-Khanty dictionary created by the priest Vologodsky (1842). The language of this manuscript has not been described in detail so far; there is only some information about its history. I describe the inventory of graphical symbols used in the dictionary and discuss possible phonological correspondences for each of them in comparison with the data from the contemporary dialects of Western Khanty. The dictionary by Vologodsky has some features from Obdorsk and Berezovo dialects; different elements of the graphical (and phonological) system can show the characteristics of various dialects (thus, in many examples the letters о and а are mixed, which may correlate with the distribution of the phonemes /ɔ/ and /a/ in the Obdorsk dialect, but with few exceptions there is no mixing of the letters ш and с / the phonemes /š/ and /s/, which would be expected in the Obdorsk dialect). For some cases we may, however, suggest that the graphical system of the manuscript does not show some of the existing phonological oppositions (cf. no graphical differentiation for the phonemes /a/ and /ă/ consistently distinguished in Western Khanty). Another issue is the marking of word stress, in particular when it falls on the non-first syllables, and the use of two different symbols for word stress: the primary and the most frequent one, and the secondary one occurring on function words, and also on some content words. Keywords: Khanty, manuscripts, graphics, phonetics, word stress | 1457 | |||||
| 326 | Describing culture-specific vocabulary is an important and at the same time rather challenging part of lexicographic work. In particular, this concerns making dictionaries of minority languages that are considered to be endangered. As a rule, these languages are understudied and not sufficiently documented, which complicates presentation of ethnocultural realia to a greater extent. One of such languages is Ket, an endangered language spoken by a small number of people residing in the north of Krasnoyarsk province. The present article describes the main problems related to presenting ethnocultural material that were encountered in the course of making the Comprehensive Ket dictionary. Among them are 1) cultural differences in categorization of extralinguistic reality, 2) presentation of ethnocultural c information in a dictionary entry, 3) loss of ethnocultural knowledge in the language community. Keywords: Ket, minority languages, endangered languages, Siberian languages, lexicography, ethnocultural vocabulary, dictionary | 1452 | |||||
| 327 | The “external soul” (person dies when some object or creature is destroyed) and the “Achilles heel” (The only vulnerable spot is near the surface of person’s body and not in his inner organs) are folklore motifs used to explain why a particular person cannot be killed or how he can be killed. As other 2700 motifs which global distribution is demonstrated in our database, the “external soul” and the “Achilles heel” are a product not of the universal “primitive mind” but of particular historical processes and circumstances and we try to reveal the age and region of their initial spread. In Central and South Africa, Australia and Melanesia both motifs are rare or totally absent. This makes improbable their origin in the Out-of-Africa time. The “Achilles heel” is often found in North and South America but its Eurasian area is sporadic. On the contrary, the “external soul” is very popular across most of Eurasia but in the New World it, is found only in North but not in South America. It looks plausible that in the Old World the motif of “Achilles heel” was mostly ousted by the “external soul” being preserved in the New World thanks to its isolation from Eurasia. The lack or rarity of these motifs in the Northeast Asia and in Alaska and American Arctic excludes, possibility of their late diffusion across Bering Strait. Because both motifs were brought to America by the early migrants, their age in Eurasia must exceed 15,000 years, the “Achilles heel” being probably older. At the time of the peopling of America, both motifs had to be well known to the oral traditions of the Northeast Asia. Their rarity or absence there in historic time is in conformity with significant differences between genetic samples of Early and Late Holocene populations of Siberia. The complicated version of the “external soul” according to which a life essence is hidden in a series of objects and beings, one inside the other, is absent in America. Such a variant probably spread across the Old World after the end of antiquity being used in fairytales. Keywords: peopling of America, early migrations, comparative folklore studies, the “external soul”, the “Achilles heel” | 1452 | |||||
| 328 | The paper deals with negation markers mar in Chuvash in the context of negation markers in non-verbal predication in other Turkic variesties. The field data (elicited example and texts) were collected in Maloye Karachkino, Yadrinsky District, Chuvash Republic in 2017–2019, so the study concerns the Maloye Karachkino (or Poshkart) dialect. The paper describes in details the uses of negation marker mar and it claims that the negation marker mar has functions of astrictive negation conveying the meanings of identification and attribute of an object. It also negates some locative contexts. The other type of uses concerns with an intrusion of the negation marker mar into the negation of verbal predication. The negation marker mar occurs with some non-finite forms (the future participle on -as-, the infinitive ending on –ma- and the form on -malla). The paper aims to analyze the negation marker mar in Chuvash and additionally put it in the context of Volga and Siberia Turkic languages. There are related negation markers (eves in the Tuvinian language, emes in Tofa, nimes in Khakas and others) in Siberian Turkic languages and non-related ascriptive negation markers (tügel in Tatar and Bashkir, degil in Turkish). As evidenced by different corpora of Turkic languages in Sibiria and Volga, such negation markers have the same core semantic covering ascriptive negation. Their extensional meanings are, however, different, as well as their grammatical features. Thus, this short description may be first step to further research of microtypology of non-verbal negation. Keywords: Chuvash, Turkic languages, non-verbal negation markers, ascriptive negation | 1452 | |||||
| 329 | This research was presented at the colloquium “The fate of linguistic heritage: transmitted to the younger generations or lost?” held at the RAS Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in May 2021. My presentation was a short overview of the language acquisition patterns within four indigenous communities in Latin America, speakers of the following indigenous languages: South Eastern Huastec (Mayan, Mexico), Tsotsil of San Isidro de la Libertad (Mayan, Mexico), Huilliche/Tsesungun (Mapudungan, Chile) and Mixe (Mixe-Zoquean, Mexico). I carried out extensive fieldwork and research with these communities (more details can be found in Kondic 2021, Kondic 2021 (forthcoming), Kondic 2015b, Kondic 2014a, Kondic 2014b, Kondic 2011b, Kondic 2010). At the moment my research concentrates on the sociolinguistic situation with the language Mixe (Mixe-Zoquean, Mexico), namely, on their language attitudes. During each of these four projects I produced learning materials to facilitate language teaching and revitalization (Kondic 2009b, Kodic 2016, Kondic 2015a, Kondic 2013b, Kondic 2015c, Kondic 2018b). The materials I produced and left in the communities are now being used for language teaching and maintenance. In this article I am going to present my insight into the patterns of native language learning within the above four communities. Many of Mexican indigenous languages are at present in decline and falling into disuse. Language endangerment often causes interruption in the process of language transmission, and it will be interesting to see what the situation is like within these different languages of Latin America that I had an opportunity to work with. Keywords: усвоение языка, автохтонные языки, угроза исчезновения языка, языки майя, мапудунган, михе-зокеан, Латинская Америка | 1452 | |||||
| 330 | The article is devoted to the contribution of L. M. Pletneva to the comprehensive study of medieval iron production in Western Siberia. For 30 years (1962–1991), L. M. Pletneva conducted extensive field research in the area between the rivers Ob and Tom, during which a vast array of data on iron production were obtained. L. M. Pletneva for the first time in the history of Tomsk archeology paid attention to a specific source as the archaeological metallurgical slag and started to study medieval iron production. She organized a comprehensive study at the archaeological site Shelomok, where for the first time in Siberia, magnetic survey was carried out in 1976, the first metallographic analyzes were made, as well as the first chemical analyzes of slag and ore from different archaeological sites were published. Due to many years of L. M. Pletneva’s research, today we can identify the area between the rivers Ob and Tom as a special region, where medieval population mastered the local iron ore deposits and provided itself with a "precious" and vital metal of the time. Keywords: archeology, iron production, medieval, Western Siberia, Shelomok site, Ob-Tomsk river basin, L. M. Pletneva | 1445 | |||||
| 331 | The paper deals with the intergenerational transmission of six minority languages in India, three Indo-Aryan languages, viz. Kumaoni (state of Uttarakhand), Kullui (state of Himachal Pradesh), Western Marwari (state of Rajasthan) and three Munda languages, viz. Sora, Remo and Gutob (state of Odisha). None of these languages has an official status or standardized written form, all of them are used almost exclusively for oral communication, poorly described and, to one degree or another, endangered. The data come from sociolinguistic surveys conducted by the authors in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Odisha in 2014–2018. One of the tasks during the sociolinguistic study in the areas of the above-mentioned minority languages was to identify the main factors of the intergenerational transmission loss. We claim that the modern education policies in India are one of the main factors disrupting language transmission. School education is conducted in the state official languages, and minority languages are not involved in it. Speaking minor languages is restricted by teachers at school, while the importance of the official languages is imposed on children. We note also the facts that the social level depends directly on the results of school exams and that Indian education is highly directive and excludes any dialogue. All of the above causes a great stress for students and their families. In this regard, parents try to protect their children from problems of mastering the language of education, and prefer not to speak with them in their native languages. Another major factor contributing to the negative image of native languages are linguistic prejudices taught in India as part of the school curriculum. This includes the division of idioms into languages (official languages) and dialects (minority languages), fixing the concept of “native language” for the official state language, the idea that the language should have a script on an original basis that differs from the scripts of other languages etc. Special attention is paid to such a phenomenon of India’s reality as linguistic discrimination of people from tribal (“untouchable” in Hindu tradition) ethnic groups within the school. In addition to the education system problems in India, the authors mention attempts to solve them by initiatives of language activists and the government. A number of measures to promote multilingual education are included in the MultiLingual Education (MLE) program, which is currently the most widely adopted in the state of Odisha. Considering structure and functioning of the MLE program in Odisha we discuss the possibility of its application in other regions. Keywords: sociolinguistics, endangered languages, language vitality, Indian languages, Indo-Aryan languages, Munda languages, multilingual education | 1445 | |||||
| 332 | Today, when living story-tellers tradition of the Altai-Sayan peoples gradually fade away, we were able to make audio recordings of heroic legends in a performance of representative of Mrass story-tellers school V. Tannagashev (1932–2007). According to ledger recordings, in the repertoire of the storyteller 72 heroic legends, among them 37 made audio and video recordings, and 35 self writing of story-teller (kajchi), 16 epic stories do not have options. Available audio and video recordings of legends of V. Tannagashev, made by L. N. Arbachakova and D. A. Funk. There are some fixing stories, produced other collectors provide a good background for deep research, dedicated to the creativity of one of the greatest storytellers of Mountain Shoria. Keywords: Shor heroic poems, story tellers, audio records, repertoire, storage of epos | 1443 | |||||
| 333 | The publication is dedicated to the biography of Professor and Doctor of History L. M. Pletneva, Russian archaeologist, and her contribution to archaeological studies of Siberia. Her research interests are focused on the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages of the Tomsk Ob Region (the south of Western Siberia). Over forty field seasons (1963–2005), Lyudmila Pletneva accumulated a strong source base and used these data for creating the original concept – the cultural and historical development of the region for the whole Iron Age. In particular, based on archaeological data of the Middle Ages, she identified the migration of Turkic groups to the Tomsk Ob Region, to the areas populated by the local (Samoyedic) peoples. The publication highlights some social activities of L. M. Pletneva: she contributed to developing the archaeological education of Tomsk school children in the 1970s. Keywords: archaeologist L. M. Pletneva, Western Siberia, Tomsk Ob Region, field studies, the Early Iron Age, the Middle Ages, biography of a scientist | 1439 | |||||
| 334 | This paper continues a series of publications that report the results oftechnical and technological analysis of ceramics from the Early Iron Age monuments of the Tomsk Ob Region, which are attributed to Shelomok and Tomsk variants of the Kulay cultural and historical community. Fragments of ceramics have been taken for analysis from the Shelomok I burial ground, Kizhirovo and Samus II settlements. The results of analysis demonstrate both similarities and differences in the choice of raw materials and the preparation of molding compounds. For example, the addition of granite gruss with white and transparent quartz inclusions to the pottery paste was typical of Shelomok II settlement (Pletneva, Stepanova, 2018), while the pottery paste from the burial ground included granite with red (pink) quartz inclusions. These monuments are located nearby, at a distance of 500 m away from each other, in the same natural environment. Perhaps, the materials of the burial ground reflect the complex cultural processes of the early Iron Age that took place in the Tomsk Ob region and record the arrival of the population from the Achinsk-Mariinsky district of tagar culture. Keywords: technical and technological analysis of ceramics, burial ground, settlement, archeology | 1439 | |||||
| 335 | The article analyzes the methods used in translating verses by the Russian poet S. Yesenin into Livvi Karelian. What adds relevance to the topic is that the original text and the translations are compared with reference to the literary system of the Karelian language, shaped by a long life in the absence of a script. The figurative-semantic, contextual, and systemically subject-based approaches integrated within a holistic comparative-contrastive analysis raise the problem of the “translatable/untranslatable”, which many scholars have addressed. The theoretical background for this study is the works of L. S. Barkhudarov, M. Yu. Ilyushkina, Ya. I. Retsker. The article has analyzed the translations of S. A. Yesenin’s poetic works by Livvi Karelian poets V. E. Brendoev, A. L. Volkov and Z. T. Dubinina. The absence of studies of a similar kind on this subject constitutes the scientific novelty of the paper. One of the challenges for this study is the difficulty of translating poetic texts, since Karelian speech is metaphorical, often with no match to be found in Russian. There are four types of transformations that translators use the most: transposition (change of word order within sentences), substitution (compensation, antonymic translation), omission, and addition. In making a translation, the authors try to keep in mind at least three aspects: precision, accuracy, and adequacy. It is a matter of key concern for theory, critique, and practice. Analysis of the translations has demonstrated that the poets-translators of Yesenin’s works into Livvi Karelian V. E. Brendoev, A. L. Volkov and Z. T. Dubinina have made use of all the above methods, the most frequent choice being substitution. V. E. Brendoev added an ethnic component to his translations, thus making the poem as close to a Karelian reader as possible. A. L. Volkov was the most precise in rendering the Russian poet’s style, while Z. T. Dubinina has reworked the imaged profoundly. The results of this study can be used when preparing lecture courses on translation theory, stylistics, specialized Karelian language courses. Keywords: translation, poetry, Karelian language, literature of Karelia, methods, transliteration, S. A. Yesenin, lyrics | 1436 | |||||
| 336 | The article analyzes female sculptural images from the Ulaan Haram Sharoon Bumbagar barrow in the Bayannuur Somon of the Bulgan aimag in Mongolia. Among other things, female figures made of terracotta were found in the burial. All materials are currently stored in the Kharkhorin museum. The characteristics of ceramic microplastics are given according to the author's approved scheme for describing votive sculptures, taking into account gender differences. The purpose of the publication is to introduce the scientific circulation of information about the features of female medieval images of the Turkic time, made by their contemporaries. The characteristics of 13 ceramic figures made in full growth are given. The characteristics of ceramic microplastics are given according to the author's approved scheme for describing votive sculptures, taking into account gender differences. The purpose of the publication is to introduce the scientific circulation of information about the features of female medieval images of the Turkic time, made by their contemporaries. The characteristics of 13 ceramic figures made in full growth are given. The description provides the characteristics of the manufacturing material; inventory numbers and sizes are given according to the museum's documentation; the degree of safety of the figures is noted; a description of the costume, hairstyles, makeup details is given; the anthropological features of sculptural images are characterized; the racial and, if possible, ethnic identification of the prototypes of the images is given. The article notes the similarity of finds (ceramic microplastics) from the investigated burial with previously studied materials from the Shoroon bumbagar mound in Zamar somon of the Central aimag of Mongolia (stored in the G. Zanabazar Museum of Fine Arts, Ulan Bator, Mongolia). In addition, apparently identical sculptural images were found during excavations in northwestern China of a burial dating from the Tang Dynasty, near the village of Yancun, Xixian District, Shaanxi Province. The tomb belongs to Xue Shao, the first husband of Princess Taiping, daughter of Emperor Gaozong. The study of the sculptural materials from the Bayannur burial mound made it possible to record the appearance of noblewomen of the Middle Ages from the Central Asian steppes. The comparative analysis confirmed the updated date of the mound to the last quarter of the 7th century AD, which corresponds to the Turkic time during the reign of the Tang Empire. The analysis of the statuettes made it possible to draw a conclusion about the possible presence of both South Siberian (Turkic) and East Asian (Chinese) components among the prototypes of female images. New data made it possible to expand knowledge about the population of the Central Asian steppes during the era of hegemony of the Tang Empire. Keywords: women, Central Asia, Mongolia, Tang Empire, barrow, sculpture, anthropology, South Siberian race, East Asian race | 1436 | |||||
| 337 | . | 1433 | |||||
| 338 | 1426 | ||||||
| 339 | According to physiographic region defining, the Lower Ket region belongs to the middle taiga zone of the right Bank of the Ob River. Its features are: strong swampiness, predominance of dark coniferous forests and podzolic type of soil. Natural and climatic conditions influenced the cultural development of the population living here. In archaeological terms the downstream Ket region is studied insufficiently. The need to study of the late Middle Aged monuments of the region was dictated by the problem of the origin of the southern Selkups, and their local dialect groups. Yoltyrevskaya Kurgan group I was discovered by V.E. Dobychin in 1963, and first investigated in 2008. The article considers the problems of chronology, cultural and ethnic origin of the late Middle Age population, the one who left this burial ground. The group consists of 10 mounds. Mound № 1 is excavated. The remains of three disturbed burials were discovered under the mound: an individual 18–22 years old and two children 3–5 and 7–9 years old. The original burial was performed on a burnt ground, in a wooden frame-lining. Judging by the surviving bones of the skeleton, the deceased was buried in an extended position, on his back, head to the southwest. Among the inventory is clay molding vessels, with a continuous ornamentation of the wall with a toothed print, cross-shaped lining, buttons made of beads, knife, and arrowhead. Perhaps, with the re-burial of children (only the lower jaws were found), to the mound the initial burial was disturbed. The inventory and ceramic tableware allow dating the burial to the XVI – the beginning of the XVII century. Analogues of the material complex and the rite are known from the Selkup burial mounds of this period in the Narym Ob region. The site was left by one of the Selkup groups settled in the lower reaches of the Ket River Keywords: Ket, Yoltyrevskaya Kurgan group I, burial, later Middle Ages, Selkup | 1426 | |||||
| 340 | This paper is devoted to the study of the issue about traditional views and rituals of the ethnographic (dialectal-local) group of Sheshkups / Sheshkums. Facts about the purpose of sacred places in the vicinity of the village Ivankino, based on the analysis of research literature and field ethnographic material collected by various researchers-selkupologists, were revealed. In this study, it was possible to determine the peculiarities of the religious beliefs of the Middle Ob Selkups: they left baskets with family figures of spirits-helpers not only in attics, but also in almost impassable hillock sogra, and “hung” spirits on birch trees. The collected information allows speaking about the preservation of traditional beliefs (ideas about domestic spirits-helpers, places of worship) among local residents until the end of the 20th century, as evidenced by materials recorded from informants of the village Ivankino even in the 21st century. Keywords: Selkups, Ob Sheshkums / Sheshkups, shamanism, places of worship, rituals, dialectal features, ethnographic group | 1426 | |||||
| 341 | Purpose. The paper analyzes one of the aspects of the comprehensive post-revolutionary Soviet policy for the “emancipation of women” — anti-religious work among the female population, which was closely intertwined with the general practices of militant atheism and anti-religious work among the population. However, in the author's opinion, working with women was a separate line of efforts of early Soviet cultural traders that required special consideration. Results. The struggle against the church, faith and believers occupied one of the central places in the general policy of modernization of the country according to the Soviet type, and it was the high level of religiosity, mainly of the female population, that seemed to be the biggest obstacle on the way of building a godless New society. If such work as the creation of institutions of motherhood and infancy, women's educational program, the involvement of women in Soviet social life, despite massive resistance, found at least any response among certain segments of the population, then a campaign to seize church values, persecution of clergy, attempts to undermine Orthodox axiological basis for the existence of Russian society was caused only by persistent negativism and tough opposition from the population, primarily women. Conclusion. Initially, Soviet leaders underestimated the depth of women's spiritual life, and considered visiting churches as a tribute to tradition and a form of leisure, which were supposed to gradually be replaced by Soviet cultural and social events. By the end of the first decade of Soviet power, it became clear that these methods of struggle were not at all effective, the level of women's involvement in church life during the opposition to theomachy only increased and even gave rise to new forms of women's participation in church parishes, including participation in liturgical life and mass phenomena of female asceticism. Keywords: female religiosity, antireligious campaign, 1920ies, women and the church, mansplaining, gender and religion, orthodox’ feminization | 1422 | |||||
| 342 | The article is devoted to the description of the peculiarities of the pronominal deixis in one of the less studied dialects of the Komi-Permyak language, which is disconnected from the basic ethnic massif and experiences a strong influence of surrounding Russian dialects. The paper considers the morphological structure and usage of personal and intensifying personal pronouns. The main research objective is to examine the features of declension and case inflection, to reveal variability and innovations in the inflection paradigm of personal and intensifying personal pronouns. The article introduces new dialect data, which can become an additional source for comparative historical research on the Komi proforms and of the Permian pronouns system in general. In addition, the analyzed language data will allow making certain conclusions about the development of the system of pronouns in the dialects, which have a transitional character and has been affected by the strong Russian contact influence. The empirical base of the research includes language data collected by the author in the course of the dialectological expeditions to the Kirov Permian communities between 2002–2012. Linguistic data are analyzed and interpreted in the context of the Komi language dialectic landscape. Keywords: the Komi language, the Komi-Permian language, the Upper-Kama dialect, Kirov Permians, dialectology, morphology, pronoun | 1418 | |||||
| 343 | The article is devoted to a little-researched topic – the modern concept of death and the burial and memorial rituals of the Yakuts. The material for the article was collected over the last ten years during archeological and ethnographic expeditions in Central Yakutia. The research aims to raise a problem for the study of death in modern Yakut culture and to introduce field material into the academic field. The modern rules and traditions of funeral and memorial rites result from an overlap of early pagan, Christian, and late Soviet traditions, but with a high degree of conservatism. The fear of death and the dead persists (especially the fear of people who have died a ‘bad’ death). The conditions of death and elements of funeral rituals remain a kind of label for the life of a good person. In modern times, the traditional indicators of a good life are supplemented by professional success, social prestige, and material wealth. An ‘easy’ death confirms this with high-quality funeral arrangements and the number of guests at the memorial dinner. There is a desire to carry out the entire cycle of funeral and memorial rituals correctly to bring peace to the soul of the deceased and ensure the safety of loved ones. At the same time, in Central Yakutia, local differences were noted in the calculation of the period from the occurrence of death to burial, the disposal of personal belongings, and the organization of the memorial meal. The depicted interpretation of the ordeals of the soul of iye-kut on its way to the world of ancestors reflects an ideal scenario of a cattle breeder’s life: the presence of family and descendants, a horse breeding with all aspects of a cattle household from participation in horse races to the Kumys festival. The modern burial rite of the Yakuts holds great information potential and can serve as a source for a study of self-identification and various aspects of culture. Keywords: burial rite, tradition, death, fear of death, soul, life scenario, cattle breeding | 1412 | |||||
| 344 | The 4th International scientific conference "Preservation and development of Siberian indigenous languages and cultures" was held on May 19–20, 2016 in Katanov Khakass State University with the participation of more than 130 scientists, teachers, representatives of authorities and non-governmental organizations from 10 regions of Russia and 6 foreign countries. The aim of the conference was to identify priority areas of research on language policy, to study and exchange experience of innovations in the field of ethno-cultural and bilingual education, to discuss recommendations on the preservation and development of minority languages and cultures of the Indigenous peoples of Siberia, taking into account Russian and foreign experience in the field. Proceedings of the conference were published by the Publishing house of the Katanov Khakass State University before the start of the conference. The resolution of the conference contains recommendations for the development of the language law, improving effectiveness of native languages teaching, implementation of research results in the fields of languages, folklore and literature of indigenous peoples of Siberia in the practice of modern ethno-cultural education. Keywords: conference, minority languages, indigenous peoples of Siberia, language policy | 1411 | |||||
| 345 | Abstract. For the first time, the article discusses the subject matter, features of the language of the songs of the Shenehen Buryats in the author's translation into Russian. The uniqueness of the Shenehen Buryats, who have been living in China for about 100 years, is that they have preserved their authentic culture: language, traditional Old Mongolian script, national costume, traditions, customs and folk songs. For a long time, the topic about Buryat emigration was banned. The article also highlights the reasons and history of the emigration of the Aga Buryats to the Shenehen locality of the China, based on the work of Bodongut Abida (1983), written in Old Mongolian script. The migration of the Buryat diaspora to Bargu was ethnically protective in nature and was associated with political events in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The presence of the genre of odic songs (magtaal) in the song tradition testifies to their developed system of written culture, the distinction between written and oral texts, and the stylistic differentiation of the language of the lyrics. It has been revealed that the vocabulary of the Magtaals is sustained in a high style with an orientation towards the norms of the Old Mongolian language. An analysis of the field materials testifies to the mastery of versification of nameless poets, strictly observing the initial alliteration in strophes, using various figures of speech, the entire arsenal of grammatical forms to convey shades of semantics of the lexical unit. This allows us to argue that the lyrics are created and transmitted not only verbally, but also in writing long before the 1917 revolution. Keywords: songs of Shenehen Buryats, emigration of the Buryats, hymn songs, written culture of the Buryats | 1411 | |||||
| 346 | Complexes of stone pieces and products of its knapping are found on settlement sites of the Lower Tom river basin. These artifacts are a meaningful source of knowledge about the economy of the ancient inhabitants of the lower reaches of the river Tom in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Over the past few decades, a number of settlement and burial complexes of this period have been discovered and partially investigated. But there is still no holistic scheme for the development of flintknapping by the ancient population in the Neolithic and Bronze Age in the territory of the Lower Tom river basin. At the same time, the information potential of the colossal volume of materials accumulated by previous researchers has not been fully disclosed. One of the possible solutions to this complex of problems is a comparative analysis of stone pieces and products of its knapping from various archaeological sites of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages. The use of modern methods of statistical processing of mass archaeological material allows us to solve this problem by determining the occurrence of various signs in the studied categories of artifacts. The combined use of morphological typology and statistical analysis in the scientific literature is called the attributive approach. The primary result of the study is the allocation of approach significant characteristics of the stone industry of the Samuska III settlement. This information, obtained by statistical analysis of the stone industry, allows you to create a starting point in building a regional scheme for the development of stone knapping technology in the Neolithic and Bronze Age in the territory of the Lower Tom river basin. Highlighted characteristic features of this industry will be used as the basis for subsequent comparative and analytical activities. The presence of certain products in the materials from the Samuska III settlement in conjunction with the results obtained allows us to conduct full-scale experiments and technological modeling of the process of stone knapping to verify the results of analytical procedures. This fact actualizes a number of problems on the study of the Stone Age of the river basin Tom. Keywords: Samus, Tom, Paleometall, pre-Andron Period, microliths, industry, analysis, statistics, attribute | 1408 | |||||
| 347 | This paper deals with common linguistic features of Khanty and Selkup languages, which can be interpreted as contact-induced. On the one hand, Khanty and Selkup languages were in a situation of quite a long and stable interaction. On the other hand, each of these languages is characterized by a high degree of dialect divergency, and local variants of both languages in demonstrate a higher degree of interference of linguistic systems. Thus, instances of contact-induced changes are stratified depending on whether they represent a more archaic stratum, being attested in all varieties of Khanty and Selkup, or later contact-driven innovations with a limited areas of distribution. In the paper Selkup data is compared to the data of other Samoyed languages. On the one hand, the comparison shows that Khanty always should be regarded as a donor language, and Selkup - as a recipient language. On the other hand, a comparison of Eastern Khanty dialects with Southern and Northern Khanty dialects one can suspect a "conservative" areal influence on Eastern Khanty, wchich resulted in the retaintion of a number of archaic linguistic features lost by other dialects. Within the domain of phonology the following instances of interference can be distinguished: 1. Phenomena common to the Khanty and Selkup: Consonant systems; Restrictions on the vocalism of later syllables; Paradigmatic ablaut; 2. Phenomena peculiar to the Selkup and Eastern dialects of the Khanty: Vowel systems; "Labialized consonants"; Secondary Selkup vowel harmony 3. Phenomena peculiar to individual dialects of Selkup and Eastern dialects of Khanty: Secondary "Narym" vowel harmony. Keywords: the Khanty language, the Selkup language, language contact, linguistic interference, dialectology, phonology | 1407 | |||||
| 348 | The article attempts to describe the history of an archaic look of an old Yakut fur coat in terms of its functional purpose and syncretic social stratification. The bird wings depicted on the back of the fur coat are of particular importance that also serves as a justification for naming this type of outerwear as “hotodooh son” (a fur coat with an eagle). The retrospective is based on data from early and late sources and allows us to express an assumption about the appearance of such a fur coat approximately at the end of the 17th century – the beginning of the 18thcentury. There is a hypothesis about its southern origin, so that we indicate the factors that determined the tendency of its gradual modification in northern conditions. Realization of the task requires the use of an integrated approach involving data from ethnography, art history, cultural studies, technology, and design of clothing, linguistics, for which the authors summarized the available resources studying traditional Yakut clothing, which also includes this coat. After analyzing a number of works on this topic, a preliminary conclusion can be made: the authors of publications believe that the symbolic marking of an ornithomorphic image on a fur coat is a sign of the totem as the ancestor of the social group of kangalans. However, there are some articles that do not set the task of interpreting the hidden meaning depicted on the back of a fur coat - they consider it, first of all, from utilitarian functional purpose. The attention of the authors of this article is focused on an attempt to read the information incorporated both in the name of the fur coat and the symbol in the wings. According to the authors, the story of “hotodooh son” is fraught with many valuable facts for those who are interested in the history of the Yakut people as a whole. Keywords: Yakut ancient coat, museum, material culture, eagle totem, Yakuts, shaman, outerwear | 1407 | |||||
| 349 | The purpose of the paper is to characterize the Khakass myth about "The exterminating Arins by snakes". The following objectives for the study were set: to systematize and analyze various variants of this folk story and to introduce into scientific circulation new archival materials on the designated topic; and to identify the historical context of the narrative in question. The chronological scope of the work covers the late 18th through the middle of the 20th centuries. The choice of such time frame is conditioned, first of all, by the state of the source database on the topic. The study is based on an integrated, system-historical approach to the study of the past. The research methodology is based on historical and ethnographic methods - scientific description, concrete historical analysis, structural-semantic and relict. As a result of the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) the myth about “the extermination of Arins by snakes" is a unique product of the oral folk art of the Khakass. With its unusual plot, it aroused deep scientific interest among researchers, beginning in the 18th century and continuing into the 20th century. As a result, its variants were recorded and published. 2) the myth distinguishes two main alternating themes. First, there is a complex of views associated with snakes. In the religiousmythological consciousness of Khakass the image of this reptilian was endowed with sacred features, although in general the attitude towards it was ambiguous. This representative of the reptiles belonged to the category of animal totems, revealing a mystical relationship with certain Khakas genera, in particular the Kachin tribe Yzyr. Secondly, the designated myth brightly illustrates the process of ethnocultural interaction of the designated ethnic communities. In this respect, under the symbolic extermination of Arins by snakes, in our opinion, it is necessary to understand the real historical processes of turkization and assimilation of Ket-speaking groups by Khakas. Thus, the myth in question has the character of a genealogical narrative. In it, in a deeply symbolic form, the historical events that took place in the life of the designated ethnic group were reflected. By concluding marital unions and migration processes, the Arins joined the Khakas people, and became one of the Khakass clans, settled on Khakass territory. Keywords: history and culture of Khakas, ethnic processes, folklore, myth, symbol, snake, Arins | 1405 | |||||
| 350 | The article is devoted to the description of the structure types of the predicate in one of the Manchu-Tungus languages. Types of predicates in the Orok language are distinguished on the basis of structure and component composition, the qualification of grammatical units of which is closely related to the peculiarities of the verb forms in the Russian and Manchu-Tungus languages, as well as to the questions of the verbal derivation in these languages. The analysis of the frequency component of the components makes it possible to draw conclusions about the presence of two types of predicate in the Orok language: the simple verbal and compound nominal, the compound verb is not represented. To a simple verb predicate (the carrier of lexical and grammatical meaning is one word or word form), single-component predicates are expressed, expressed by the conjugated form of a verb of any number-person, time and mood; single-component semantically complex predicates, isomorphic to the composite verb of the Russian language; two-component negative predicates expressed by analytical word forms formed with the participation of a conjugated negative verb. Named predicates in the Orok language are always multicomponent and composite, they have at least two lexical units: the purpose of the bundle is to express the predicative categories, and the linking part expresses the main material content of the predicate. In other words, the broadly expressed part of the predicate, neutral with respect to inflection, is the carrier of lexical meaning, the connective is expressed by the conjugated verb - the carrier of grammatical meaning and always takes the position of the absolute end of a sentence. The nominal predicate is represented as compound and complex, the characteristics of each subtype are determined by the semantic status of the grammatical part (existential or modal, phase, aspectual verb) and the grammatical status of the thematic part, which can be expressed by a noun, adjective, adverb (with an existing linkage functioning), participle or possesive construction with supine (with modal, aspectual and phase grammatical component). Potential with an existing bundle are qualified as compound nominal, with modal, phase, aspectual verbs in the grammatical part - as complex. The absence in the Manchu-Tungus languages of forms fully equivalent to the Russian infinitive in functional and semantic aspect determines the impossibility of forming a compound verb predicate, which, by definition, consists of “a personal verb and an infinitive adjoining it” (Akhmanova, 1966: 415). Keywords: Manchu-Tungus languages, Orok language, predicate, structural type, simple verbal, compound nominal, analytical word form, grammatical, syntactic form, part of speech | 1405 | |||||