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| 601 | The article considers the problem of linguistic integration of the Russian population in the national republics of the Russian Federation based on the data of the all-Russian censuses of 2002, 2010, and 2020. A new perspective on the phenomenon of linguistic integration is proposed, focusing on the process of mastering the state languages of the national republics of the Russian population. It is emphasized that this approach allows us to go beyond the understanding of linguistic integration as a purely applied adaptation process characteristic of migrants and to consider it as a factor in the formation of cultural identity and mental characteristics of native speakers. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is a comprehensive analysis of statistical data from censuses in combination with a qualitative interpretation of the results, taking into account sociolinguistic, ethno-demographic, and historical factors. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods makes it possible to obtain a multidimensional picture of the linguistic integration of Russians in the national republics and to identify their regional characteristics. The most important quantitative parameters of the Russian population’s mastery of the republics’ title languages are shown, the dynamics of these indicators are traced over two decades, and comparative analyses are carried out for different regions. The study results show that the degree of linguistic integration of Russians in different republics is very different, which only partially correlates with the proportion of the Russian population and the dynamics of their numbers. It is concluded that the linguistic integration of the Russian population in the national republics is influenced by a complex of factors, including the peculiarities of the ethno-demographic structure, the degree of urbanization, the nature of the language situation, the language policy in the regions, etc. It turns out that a high level of proficiency in Russian in the titular language is characteristic of republics with a relatively small share of the Russian population and a high degree of participation in interethnic interactions. In most republics, the level of Russian proficiency in the titular languages remains consistently low, but in some regions (Chechnya and Tyva), there has been a significant increase in the corresponding indicators. These data show the potential for the linguistic integration of the Russian population under certain socio-cultural conditions and the need for a differentiated approach to language policy in various regions of Russia. The results obtained can be used to improve state language policy and optimize interethnic relations in the multiethnic regions of Russia. The prospects for further research are connected with a deeper study of the various aspects of linguistic interaction between the Russian population and the titular peoples of the republics of the Russian Federation. Keywords: linguistic integration, Russian population, national republics, state languages, titular languages, language situation, language policy | 649 | |||||
| 602 | The article examines strategies for expressing attributive relations in languages of different typologies to implement national communicative behavior and reflect the semantic-syntactic features of Tungus-Manchu languages. In the Tungus-Manchu languages, where the class of adjectives is quite sparse, attributive semantics is realized by morphosyntactic means: proper attributives, possessive constructions, and possession constructions. In the Tungus-Manchu languages, non-possession constructions are used to express negative attributive meanings, forming possessive adjectives with the negative particle -ana, which semantically correspond to the Russian negative adjectives with the prefixes не- and без-. The structure of an attributive construction traditionally consists of at least two components: a definition (an adjective as the main means of expressing attributive semantics) and a definitum (a name of nominative semantics, which in Russian, for example, indicates the categorial characteristics of a defining adjective: number, case, and gender). Neutral, for example Russian ‘про солдатск=ую наград=у‘ or ‘по старой железн=ой дорог=е‘. In possessive constructions (noun + noun in possessive form), the relationships are realized at the level of word order: the first component – possessor – is a noun, the second substantivally expressed component is definite, the connection between them is established by possessive suffixes that reflect the personal number of the possessor. In the Tungus-Manchu languages, there are different types of possessive constructions, substantival and pronominal, which differ in the grammatical affiliation of the possessor (the noun itself or a pronoun-noun). Possessive constructions are formalized by possessive adjectives and are represented in the Tungus-Manchu languages as one-component but semantically complex constructions that realize the semantics of the phrase (‘to possess something denoted as a nominal base: to have something denoted as a base’ – a noun) and as two-component constructions: The first component is a noun denoting a characteristic feature by quantity or quality, quite regularly in the instrumentalis form (a form without case indicators is acceptable) and a possessive adjective. Adjectives in this category exclusively fill a postposition in relation to the defined object. Semantic criteria regulate the qualification of possessive constructions expressing attributive relationships: As equivalents of the definitions agreed upon in Russian, some components characterize the inalienable properties of a subject – a person or another living being (аси=лу ‘женой обладающий = женатый’, геда=ди путтэ=лу ‘одним ребенком не обладающий = бездетный’). When denoting alienable properties, the semantics of the adjective possession corresponds to the inconsistent definitions of the Russian language (нари куче=лу ‘человек, ножом обладающий = человек с ножом’). Keywords: attribution, possessiveness, possessive construction, grammatical status of the possessor, constructions of possession and non-possession | 641 | |||||
| 603 | The article deals with the contribution of A. Dulzon to the development of Yeniseian linguistics. The first scientific works on the so-called Paleo-Siberian languages, i.e., on the Yeniseian language family – including Ket, Yug, Kott, Assan, Arin, and Pumpokol – appeared in the 18th century. These studies were conducted by natural scientists, historians, and scholars such as I. Georgi, P. Pallas, G. Müller, I. Fischer, I. Gmelin, and D. Messerschmidt. M. Castrén was the author of the first grammar of the Kott and Ket languages: “Versuch einer JenisseiOstjakischen und kottischen Sprachlehre: nebst Wörterverzeichnissen aus den genannten Sprachen”. His work, which was published in 1958, was the only systematic scientific study of these languages for a long time. It was not until after the October Revolution in 1934 that a comprehensive description of the Ket language in Russian, written by N. Karger, appeared. The publications of A. Dulzon and E. Kreinovich marked a new stage in the history of Yeniseian language studies. Andrey P. Dulzon was awarded the USSR State Prize for his monograph, ‘The Ket Language,’ and both scholars and the state highly recognized his work. The significance of A. Dulzon’s work should be viewed from three perspectives: the collection of linguistic material on the Yeniseian languages (76 volumes of field notes, the Ket-Russian dictionary in card index format), publications and scientific research, primarily on the Ket and Yug languages (more than 30 scholarly treatises and 100 texts in Ket and Yug languages), and the training of highly qualified researchers – scientists who continued their studies in the field of Yeniseian linguistics (28 dissertations on Yeniseian languages defended by Dulzon’s students and their successors). It is important to emphasize the comprehensive approach taken by A. Dulzon in his work on the study of the Yeniseian languages. He regarded Yeniseian linguistics as an integral part of the broader topic of the origins of the Siberian indigenous peoples, which is reflected in the wide range of topics covered in his publications. Keywords: A. Dulzon, Yeniseian languages, Imbat and Sym dialects, the Ket language, the Yug language | 634 | |||||
| 604 | The models of euphemistic nomination of wild animals in the Turkic languages of Southern Siberia (Altai, Khakass, Tuvan) are examined based on Yakut material. The lexemes that form euphemisms are divided into two groups: 1) lexemes denoting living beings (humans and animals); 2) lexemes characterizing these living beings (in terms of appearance, habitat, type of movement, sounds, smell, habits, impression). Both types of tokens can be used either independently or in combination with tokens from another group. Some patterns of such compatibility, the main models of nomination, and common and specific features of forming euphemisms for wild animals in the studied languages are shown. The models of euphemistic nomination in the studied South Siberian languages as well as in Yakut, are largely identical. There are also parallels to the Mongolian languages. However, there are also some differences in terms of the models and their specific lexical content. Of the 277 euphemisms, 32 parallels were found between the South Siberian languages studied, and seven terms linked them to the Yakut language. However, this fact still needs to be verified with more material. Euphemistic names contain linguistic and cultural information. The largest number of euphemisms refers to the bear and the wolf. Their replacement names represent all identified models. Some models are specific only to the names of these animals. For example, the names of the kinships reflecting the totemic ideas of the Siberian Turks function only as euphemisms for the bear and the wolf. The alternative names of these and some other animals (snakes among the Altaians and eagles among the Yakuts) depict them as older people with high social status, belonging to higher powers, and having special powers and abilities. The bear is accorded special respect. At the same time, the signs that characterize the bear and the wolf describe them as the most predatory, dangerous, and fearsome animals. According to the Tuvans, a bear can also be merciful and peaceful, as it rarely attacks first. Almost all wild animals encountered by humans have euphemistic names. In addition to the wolf and the bear, fox (in all languages), snake (Altai, Tuva), fur-bearing animals (Altai, Khakassia), moose (Khakassia), and other hoofed animals (Tuva) are also called by a variety of substitute names in the South Siberian languages. Keywords: Turkic languages of Siberia, trade vocabulary, euphemisms, nomination models, linguistic culture | 621 | |||||
| 605 | The relevance of this study arises from the need to examine dialectal phytonymic vocabulary from a functional-semantic point of view. The scientific novelty demonstrates the functional potential of the investigated category of the dialectal vocabulary of the Tatar language. The phytonymic vocabulary was analyzed with regard to its composition and origin, the relationship between dialectal and literary vocabulary with a close interweaving of synchronic and diachronic methods, and the functioning of the individual lexical units in the dialects and the spoken language of the Siberian Tatars. To comprehensively analyze the functioning of phytonymic vocabulary in the article, the following linguistic methods were used: The main method was the descriptive-analytical method, which includes a number of linguistic observations, systematization, generalization, interpretation, and typologization techniques. In addition, comparative-historical and comparative methods are applied. Elements of etymological analysis are also used to determine the origin of the word and rule out the possibility of misinterpretation. The systematization of the lexical units in the work is based on the biological classification of the plant world. The classification of plants according to life forms into trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants is traced. Phytonyms denoting edible plants, garden and fruit crops, cereals, vegetables, cucurbits, and fungi are emphasized separately. The origin of phytonyms is identified in the article. When analyzing the lexical units, different types of dictionaries were used, which make it possible to determine the origin and the correct interpretation of the lexemes: “Etymological Dictionary of Tatar Language” (2015), “Dictionary of Siberian-Tatar Dialects” (1992), “ArabicRussian Dictionary” (1989), “Arabic-Tatar-Russian Dictionary of Borrowings” (1993), “Tatar-Russian-Latin Dictionary of Plant Names” (2002), “Tatar-Russian Explanatory Dictionary of Phytonyms” (2020). The study’s theoretical basis is the work of linguists who deal with the linguistic peculiarities of the Siberian Tatars and the phytonymic vocabulary of the Tatar language. The analysis considers synonymy and variability within a separate lexical-thematic group from the perspective of modern division into literary and dialectal units; the features of the functioning of phytonymic vocabulary in the modern Tatar language and its dialects, especially in the dialects of the Siberian Tatars, and the use of plants in the material and spiritual culture of the Siberian Tatars are identified. As a result of the study, it is found that the composition of the dialectal phytonymic lexicon differs in its uniqueness and has its own peculiarity, which undergoes transformation and semantic changes in the course of evolution. It has been established that the phytonymic lexicon of Siberian Tatars is genetically heterogeneous: two main layers can be distinguished – the Indigenous Turkic-Tatar lexicon and borrowings (mostly of Arabic-Persian origin). It was found that the names of deciduous trees predominate in the phytonymic lexicon and that the phytonymic names denoting the taxon ‘fungi’ are the least represented among the quantitative names. Keywords: Siberian Tatars, vocabulary, phytonym, lexicography, dialect, dialect, synonymy, variability | 617 | |||||
| 606 | This article deals with evaluative polypredicative constructions that focus on the evaluation of an event or action in the Khakass language. Many issues related to the description of polypredicative constructions in the language under consideration have not yet been adequately addressed, which determines the relevance of this study. The article aims to identify and describe the structure and semantics of evaluative polypredicative constructions in the Khakass language. A solid selection of examples from works of fiction and folklore texts in the Khakass language served as research material. As a result of the research carried out, the author concludes that in Khakass, as in other Turkic languages, the relationship between the dependent and the predicative head unit in evaluative polypredicative constructions is synthetic (morphological indicators). The predicate of the dependent part is in the participial form, namely in the form of the present tense on =chatkhan/=chetken (the negative form is =binchathan/=binchetken), =igan/=igen (has only a positive aspect) and the past tense on =gan/=gen, =khan/=ken, =an/=en (negative form – =bagan /=begen) with obligatory registration with possessive affixes (more frequently the third person singular). The predicate of the main predicative unit is represented by the predicates universal (chakhsy ‘good’/ homai ‘bad’), deductive (ile ‘clear, distinct’), reliable (son ‘truth’, half ‘lie’), emotive (ӧrinistig ‘joyful’, hayhastyg ‘amazing’), ethical (uyadystyg ‘ashamed’), physical (sidik ‘difficult’, ooi ‘easy’), psychological (ooi ‘easy’, ooi nimes ‘not easy’), normative (orta ‘right’, saba ‘wrong’), utilitarian (ace ‘benefit’), expressive (khorgystyg ‘frightening’), quantitative (as ‘little’, kӧp ‘much)’ and modal (chakhsy kirek ‘good deed’) ratings. Other words and combinations also function as main predicates: combinations of words (ony la nimes ‘very strong’), stable combinations (pu chir nimes ‘very strong, big etc.’). The subject of a dependent predicative unit is expressed lexically and has the nominative and the genitive form and can also be expressed only by personal indicators. Keywords: Khakass language, syntax, polypredicative construction, evaluation, evaluative construction, dependent predicative unit, main predicative unit | 587 | |||||
| 607 | This article deals with the study of cultural metaphors in the Udmurt language within the framework of cultural linguistics. The study aims to examine and analyze the cultural metaphors of the Udmurt language, especially those related to the concepts of river and forest/black forest. The study corpus consists of folk songs of the Udmurt diaspora living in the present-day Republic of Tatarstan and Mari El and in the Kirov region of Russia beyond the Vyatka River. The choice of this corpus is explained by the fact that folklore texts have a high linguistic and cultural potential. These texts are regarded as cultural codes that contain philosophical, ethnocultural, and psychological elements and reflect the collective experience of the people. The study’s relevance lies in the fact that the conceptual analysis of metaphors and schemata in Udmurt song folklore has not yet been investigated. As a result of the study, the following cultural metaphors were identified: River as suffering, river crossing as overcoming life difficulties, river as longing/grief, river as border/underworld, river as loss of youth, narrow riverbed as life difficulties, black forest as suffering, black forest as unknown/uncertainty, black forest as loneliness, black forest as border/underworld, and black forest as life difficulties. These conceptualizations are most frequently found in Udmurt wedding and guest songs as well as in songs dedicated to the farewell of brides and soldiers. The analysis of cultural conceptualizations has shown that different target domains can interpret the same source domain of a cultural metaphor. Conversely, different source domains can express one and the same target domain. The paper also attempts to show the connection between the emotional schemata of shyness and shame and the metaphorical models based on them, which represent the specific relationship between “man and nature” in Udmurt culture. Keywords: metaphor, cultural metaphor, cultural linguistics, conceptualization, cultural category, cultural schema | 586 | |||||
| 608 | For the Buryats, the concept of the motherland is not abstract but filled with concrete content, the main components of which are the natural elements of the ancestral territory: an ancestral mountain, a river or lake, fields and meadows, forests, individual groves, trees, and stones. These objects also include springs. The relevance of the work arises from the insufficient research into the cult of water in the Buryat tradition in general and mineral springs in particular. The aim of the article is to examine the features of the existence of the water cult and the place of mineral springs in the tradition of the Cis-Baikal Buryats living north of Lake Baikal. The study’s objectives included examining the image of water sources, their status, and their functions in the tradition of the CisBaikal Buryats. The sources of the study were historical and ethnographic, folklore materials, and materials from the author’s field research. A comparative historical method was used in the study, which helps identify commonalities in understanding and appreciating natural phenomena in the culture of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples. The study suggests that the Cis-Baikal Buryats retained ideas about “living” water – the water of some springs and lakes was associated with it. However, the cult of healing springs, the Arshans, did not develop in the CisBaikal Buryat tradition for several reasons: 1. The generic status of a water source, which determines the relevance of ideas about the territorial boundaries of the effectiveness of its therapeutic effect. 2. Spring water acquired magical healing properties in the process of ritual transformation with the active participation of a shaman. Such water could cure any disease. In this regard, the classification of mineral springs according to their medicinal properties may not have been relevant. 3. Moreover, in Transbaikalia, much of the work on the popularization of arshans, including their discovery and the determination of the medicinal properties of water, was done by the Buddhist church, whose influence did not extend to Cis-Baikal Keywords: Pre-Baikal Buryats, water cult, healing springs, Buryat shamans, ritual practices | 562 | |||||
| 609 | The article examines the multifaceted scientific legacy of Andrei Petrovich Dulzon (1900–1973), Doctor of Philology, professor, outstanding linguist, ethnographer and archaeologist, founder of the Tomsk school of field linguistics. His contribution to the study of the history, languages and cultures of the peoples of Siberia is analyzed, with a special emphasis on the relationship between linguistic, archaeological and ethnographic data. The importance of his expeditionary activities, the scientific school he created and the unique archival fund for modern scientific research is emphasized. Keywords: A.P. Dulzon, linguistics, archeology, ethnography, peoples of Siberia, field research, scientific school, interdisciplinary approach | 551 | |||||
| 610 | The burial monuments of the Yakuts (Sakha) of the Middle Ages and modern times are represented by socalled arangas, as well as above-ground and inhumation burials. This paper offers a historiographical overview of the studies on the Yakut burials of the XIIIth to XIXth centuries, which includes the analysis of the collected data and the insights gained based on their interpretation. This work makes it possible to describe the existing source base, systematize the results of previous studies, define key areas for further research, and suggest approaches to resolving disputes. As a result of analyzing the available sources and scholarly works, three main phases of research on Yakut burials were identified. The first phase (1888–1940s) can be characterized as a period of initial accumulation of factual material associated with the need to replenish the object fund of the Yakutsk Regional Museum. Archaeological research had a clearly defined regional focus. From the second phase (1950s–1990s), research began to pursue a comprehensive approach under the direction of professional archaeologists and ethnographers. An extensive source base became the basis for the study of various aspects of traditional culture, ethnogenesis, and the early phases of Yakut ethnic history, as well as for the reconstruction of elements of burial rites. In the third phase (2000s), a comprehensive interdisciplinary investigation of the funerary monuments began with a broad application of scientific methods. The correlation of burial and settlement monuments of the early Yakut archaeological Kulun-Atakh culture of the Yakuts from the 10th to 16th centuries makes it possible to correct the existing hypotheses about the origin and ethnic history of the Yakuts and the analysis of burial materials from the 17th to 19th centuries updates the reconstruction of traditional models of their material and spiritual culture, worldview and social structure. The study uses comparative-historical, historical-typological, historical-systemic, and retrospective-chronological methods. Keywords: Yakuts, Middle Ages, modern times, burials, history of studies, research phases, material interpretation, Isteekh Byraan cemetery | 535 | |||||
| 611 | This article deals with the phenomenon of Differential Object marking in Iron Ossetic. We consider the main factors underlying the choice of DO marking and the animate and referential properties of DOs. In terms of animacy, we show that the basic opposition is that of human vs. non-human animates (while non-animate only marginally takes the genitive, as shown in the literature on Ossetic). Lexical classes of non-human animate, such as animals vs. insects vs. birds vs. amphibians, are irrelevant for DO marking. Some specific lexemes show behavior characteristic of other lexical classes: the lexeme šəvɜllon ‘child’ submits to the DOM rules for non-humans, and the lexeme foš ‘livestock’ behaves like a non-animate, i.e., it rarely takes the genitive in DO position. The nouns denoting groups of people (škond ‘staff,’ k’laš ‘school class’) also behave like non-animate persons. The reference types are subject to different restrictions for human and non-human animates. For human animates, genitive marking is obligatory for reference types that presuppose the existence of the referent in the listener’s mind (from the speaker’s point of view), either concrete (definite) or abstract (e.g., attributive). The nominative is just as possible for other reference types as the genitive. The marking of non-human animate DOs is described using a scale of the relative frequency of the genitive and the nominative: DOs with negative polarity > definite specific/non-specific (attributive) DOs > negative free DOs > indefinite specific known generic DOs > indefinite specific unknown and non-specific DOs Keywords: differential object marking, direct object, Ossetic, Iranian languages, referentiality, animacy | 481 | |||||
| 612 | The article presents the third phase of the study of the linguistic and ethnocultural situation of the TerekKumyks in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania using the example of the Terek-Kumyks of the village of Predgornoye. The choice of this group is due to their high residence (the Terek-Kumyks of Predgornoye village live in the Republic of North Ossetia), the linguistic identity of the Terek-Kumyks living in the village, while they are in constant cultural and linguistic interaction with representatives of other peoples of the village and the republic. In this work, attention was focused on analyzing the Russian-Kumyk bilingualism of the children according to the perceptions of the parents and the children themselves. Quantitative and qualitative sources were used for the study. The team of authors carried out the study in several stages. A survey of children and adults was conducted in August 2023, followed by a survey of school-age children only in February 2024. An in-depth interview with a teacher of the Kumyk language at the school in Predgornoye was used as an additional ethnological source. The article presents the questionnaire results in the form of ‘violin diagrams’ reflecting the indices of the dominance of the use of the Russian or Kumyk language. The researchers compared the data from the first and second questionnaires and the perception of the existence of the Kumyk and Russian languages among the schoolchildren from the perspective of the children themselves and their parents. To clarify the questionnaire material on bilingualism, the children were asked four questions about the observance of Kumyk/Russian holidays and knowledge of folklore. The interview with the Kumyk language teacher enabled us to supplement and partially revise some of the questionnaire data. As a result, the study revealed that there is a twofold situation. On the one hand, the children rate their knowledge of the Kumyk language higher than their parents and, above all, their teacher at school. On the other hand, the adults note that although the children use Kumyk to communicate with each other (during breaks, in the yard, etc.), they have great difficulty when they read literary texts in Kumyk or write their own works. This means that the knowledge of the Kumyk language seems to be exclusively of an everyday nature; the children have a minimum of oral communication. At the same time, they read literature and watch visual contexts, mainly in Russian. Keywords: language situation, bilingualism, Kumyk-Russian bilingualism, sociolinguistic stydy, ethnological study, intergenerational transmission of language, language vitality | 441 | |||||
| 613 | Chinese graduates returning to China from Russian universities face a competitive job market, accompanied by criticism and expectations from families and society. Due to their collective annual return from foreign universities, Chinese graduates are labeled ‘sea turtles.’ The difficulties in finding a well-paid job and the problems in getting practical recognition for the efforts made during their stay abroad also discursively turn these young graduates into ‘sea turtles.’ The transition of Chinese graduates from university to working life, the complexity of finding a job in China’s ambiguous social and economic environment, and the role of universities in Siberia trying to attract international students are important epistemological issues. This article attempts to reconsider the symbolic value and practical recognition of international higher education in the Chinese labor market. A specific contemporary Chinese terminology about returning graduates is at the center of our attention. This social discourse shapes transnational education and labor markets. These issues are illuminated by ethnographic data collected by the author during his fieldwork with Chinese students in Tomsk and Irkutsk. The students and soon-tobe graduates were looking for a job in China, and as their career plans show, few would stay in Russia. These first-hand insights provide an opportunity to analyze the students’ reflexivity in relation to their employment practices from below. The internationalisation and diversification of education have created space for alternative study destinations such as Russia and new private-sector players with different interests in higher education. Chinese employers are becoming more demanding, while foreign university degrees are no longer exclusively a guarantee of career advancement. Keywords: internationalisation of education, Russian universities, Chinese students, transition from study to work, employment, public service | 440 | |||||
| 614 | The article presents five of the fourteen archival Selkup stories recorded by A. Dulzon in 1962 during an expedition to the village of Novosondrovo, Kolpashevsky district, Tomsk oblast: ‘The soul of man flies to God,’ ‘Sparks fly from the chimney,’ ‘Something is burning in the hut,’ ‘I don’t know where it is burning,’ ‘Nobody has pity on me.’ The field materials are kept in the archive of the Department of Siberian Indigenous Languages at Tomsk State Pedagogical University. A. Dulzon’s informant was Maria Pavlovna Pedogina, a speaker of the Middle Ob dialect of the Selkup language. The stories reflect various aspects of the life of the Selkup ethnic group, as well as mythological notions and ideas about spiritual and material culture. The texts verbalize the oldest fragments of the Selkups’ linguistic worldview, such as the personification of fire and the worship of the earth. The story ‘The Human Soul Flies to God’ represents the Selkups’ beliefs and ideas about the body and the soul. The Selkup culture has a dual interpretation of the origin of life: 1) the origin of life from heaven (spiritual life – the soul), 2) the origin of life from the earth (material life – the body). Heaven is the abode of the deity who gives life by sending out the soul embryo with the rays of the sun, and this soul returns there after the end of earthly life. The stories ‘Sparks fly from the chimney’, ‘Something is burning in the hut,’ and ‘I don’t know where it’s burning’ objectify the personification of fire, describe prohibitions associated with fire, and verbalize the idea of controlled and uncontrolled burning. Fire needs nourishment to stay alive, and the process of burning itself can be seen as a constant fire-fest. The story ‘Nobody has pity on me’ reflects the image of the earth. The earth is personified and endowed with the capacity for compassion and empathy, and it is compared to a mother. The texts have not yet been published and analyzed; linguistic and cultural commentaries accompany them. The main purpose of this article is to publish archived Selkup materials that are of great value to the scholarly community. Keywords: A. Dulzon, unpublished texts, stories, Middle Ob dialect, Selkup language, linguocultural commentary | 434 | |||||
| 615 | The paper presents the development and evaluation of two automated morphological analysis tools for Naukan Yupik (Yupik Eskimo Eskimo-Aleut): a dictionary-based morphological analyzer and a dictionary-free morphological guesser. Both tools are implemented with a two-stage approach to morphological modeling based on finite state automata. The study examines in detail the morphological features of Naukan Yupik that influence the development of automated analysis tools, including rich inflection and derivation, homonymy of morphological markers, and complex morphophonological processes. The effectiveness of both tools will be evaluated using a corpus of oral texts from 2022–2023. Particular attention is paid to the problem of overgeneration in the output of the morphological guesser and to ways of solving this problem through part-of-speech-based analysis separation. The results show that when working with field data, the use of a guesser can be more effective despite its known limitations. Keywords: Naukan Yupik, morphological analyzer, language documentation, natural language processing | 432 | |||||
| 616 | This article aims to investigate the [r]-sounds of the Plautdietsch language using experimental phonetic methods. We used distributional analysis, acoustic analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging to describe the articulatory and acoustic properties of these phonemes in the language of Mennonite Germans in Siberia. The article analyzes the sounds of the [r] type in the German-Mennonite Plautdietsch language spoken in the Novosibirsk region. In Russian phonetics, the sound [r] is classified as a sonorous sound in which the voice plays a significant role, and noises are either absent or minimal. In the European tradition, this sound is called a ‘trill’ consonant. During pronunciation, the tongue opens rhythmically, allowing air to flow freely through it, and then closes again, causing the vocal cords to vibrate. The nature and classification of this sound raises a number of questions: whether the sound [r] in Plautdietsch is to be interpreted as a sonorous sound or rather as a low-noise sound (in all positions, it is realized as a sonorous sound, but under certain positional and combinatory conditions it manifests itself as noisy); whether it is a vibrating or momentary sound; whether its articulation is accompanied by epenthesis or prosthesis. The study uses material collected from respondents in Neudachino, Novosibirsk Region. For the first time, an analysis of the consonant structure of the Mennonite language in Siberia, in particular the sound [r], was carried out using experimental phonetic methods. A synchronic description was carried out with the help of acoustic analysis. In order to isolate the composition of [r] type phonemes, a distributive analysis was carried out, and somatic methods of experimental phonetics were used to describe acoustic and articulatory features. It was found that the sounds of this type are represented by two phonemes – /r/ and /rб/. Keywords: the language of the German Mennonites, Plautdietsch, consonant, /r/, articulation, MRI, experimental phonetics | 417 | |||||
| 617 | The article deals with the formation of the collections of garments and their details, decorated with embroidery of the Southern Khanty with colored woolen threads, in the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum (former Tobolsk Provincial Museum) at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. In addition, the results of the analytical work to identify the research stages for this collection were summarized and presented. The embroidery quality, the embroidery technique’s complexity, and the peculiarity of ornamental motifs and components allowed researchers to recognize these products as unique immediately. The authors of the article noted that the collection was built up quickly and completed in less than 30 years. The main method of completion was field collecting. Three main phases in the study of this collection were also identified – the beginning of the twentieth century (publications by V. Pignatti), the middle of the twentieth century (publications by S. Ivanov, T. Vakhter, N. Prytkova), and the turn of the XX and XXI centuries (publications by O. Ryndina and A. Bogordaeva). In essence, the researchers have tried to identify and classify the types of Southern Khanty embroidery techniques, the topography of ornamental complexes on the details of clothing, the cut-out of products, but most importantly, the structure and semantics of ornaments, focusing on the most frequently used ornamental elements and complexes (with an emphasis on ornamental motifs). Keywords: southern Khanty, clothing, nettle canvas, types of embroidery, history of study | 407 | |||||
| 618 | This article is devoted to the study of lexemes used to denote meat and traditional meat dishes among the Turkic peoples of the Ural-Volga region from a lexical-semantic and comparative-historical point of view. The Bashkir, Tatar, and Chuvash languages, the languages of the Turkic peoples living in this region, were used as study languages. The names of meat and meat products, which function in the languages of two different subgroups (Tatar and Bashkir – the Kypchak subgroup, Chuvash – the Bulgar subgroup), but of a single linguogeographical community, are subjected to a comprehensive analysis for the first time in Turkological science, which determines the relevance of the chosen topic. The research material is based on ethnographic and linguistic studies, in which one can find information about the national dishes of the peoples of the Ural-Volga region and the vocabulary of their traditional food. This article deals with the names of the most popular traditional meat dishes: boiled meat, meat broth, meat soup, beshbarmak (meat with noodles), kazy (horse meat sausage), tultyrma (liver sausage). The study has shown that the functioning of the names of meat and meat dishes is due to the characteristics of the genetic connections of the Turkic languages of the Ural-Volga region: while some names are common to all the languages studied, others show variability, namely in Chuvash, which belongs to the Bulgar subgroup, there are mainly names of meat and meat dishes that differ from the languages of the Kypchak subgroup. Of all the names examined, only one original Turkic lexeme is common to all Turkic languages of the Ural-Volga region (Bashk. tultyrma, Tat. tutyrma, Chuv. tultarmăsh Keywords: Ural-Volga region, Turkic languages, names of meat dishes, comparative historical research, lexical-semantic analysis | 387 | |||||
| 619 | In this article, a historical, etymological, and structural analysis of the first and last names of some Bashkir elders was carried out based on the manuscript work of P. Rychkov, “Lexicon or topographical dictionary of the Orenburg province.” The dictionary is estimated to contain the first and last names of 24 foremen. The article aimed not to examine all anthroponyms but only those whose spelling and origin are doubtful. By studying historical documents, we found out that all the foremen, with the exception of Ashir Bokshurin, took part in the Peasants’ War of 1773–1774. The study revealed that the names and surnames of some Bashkir elders are recorded in historical sources in different phonetic versions. Based on facts from various historical documents and taking into account the patterns of the Bashkir language, the author was able to identify errors in the spelling of the abovementioned onyms. For example, it was established that the Amir Bokshurgin mentioned in the dictionary was, according to historical documents, of Kalmyk origin and not of Bashkir origin, as described in the work of A. Kamalova. It has also been proved that the spelling of the surname of Tarkhan Rasul Ettimasov is not in the form Itzheimasov, Etzhimmyasov, Idzhimyasov, as in some sources, but in the form Ettimasov, which goes back to a name formed based on an ancient belief. The relevance of this article lies in the fact that it contains anthroponyms that are included in the source of our research - the handwritten dictionary of P. Rychkov – and have been studied for the first time from historical, etymological, structural, and word-forming aspects. Keywords: onomastics, anthroponymics, family onym, history, historical figure | 365 | |||||
| 620 | The history of large and small diasporas living on the territory of Russia is part of the country’s history. The article deals with the life and activities of Poles in exile who came to Western Siberia in the 60s of the 19th century and settled there. Particular attention was paid to the characteristics of the Poles who settled in Tobolsk, the capital of Siberia. Identifying the role of exiled Poles in the economic and socio-cultural activities of the city determines the relevance of the study of the material. The novelty of the research is that historical documents from the late 19th century, which are kept in the State Budgetary Educational Institution “State Archives in Tobolsk,” were included in the solution of this question. Documents from funds No. 329 of the Tobolsk Provincial Administration and No. 359 of the Tobolsk Provincial Gendarmerie Administration were analyzed, containing information about Poles’ life and activities of Poles in Tobolsk during the period under study. The aim of the analysis of the archival material was to determine the characteristics of Poles living in Tobolsk in the 1960s and the contribution of Poles to the industrial and economic development of the city. The methodological basis of the scientific study was formed by the principles of the scientific approach to the archival text – systematics and historicism – according to which the historical text is considered a source of diverse, multi-layered information from the point of view of the unity of content and form. In the course of the analysis, it has become clear that the Poles’ contribution to the development of the city and its economic development was considerable. At the end of the 19th century, when a large proportion of the rebels of 1863 did not return to their homeland after an amnesty but stayed in Tobolsk permanently, a Polish diaspora began to form in the city. The Poles who were permitted to work became actively involved and developed science, education, healthcare, culture, and urban development. Documents show that the townspeople were well-disposed towards the Poles in exile, they received allowances and lived in freedom. They assimilated with the local population and left deep traces in distant Siberia: Together with the exiled Poles, their culture penetrated the city – works of art, music, books, and engravings, which had a fruitful influence on the activities of local craftsmen. The creation of an objective, holistic history of our country using the example of the development of its individual territories, such as the province of Tobolsk and the city of Tobolsk in particular, meets the needs of modern society and gives this research relevance Keywords: political exile, exiles, Tobolsk, Tobolsk province, life of Poles in Tobolsk, contribution to the development of the city | 358 | |||||
| 621 | The grudges and curses of the Siberian Tatars with the component ‘pash’ – ‘head’ are analyzed from a structural and semantic point of view. The topic’s relevance lies in the fact that this group of phraseological units occurs both in Tatar linguistics and dialectology. The method of interviewing informants, the descriptive-analytical method, the method of structural-semantic analysis, component analysis, the method of definition comparison, and the quantitative-statistical method were applied. The originality of the study lies in the use of new dialectal material, the identification of forms of phraseological units in the dialects of Siberian Tatars, and the determination of national and cultural characteristics of the analyzed units in the dialectal space of the Tatar language. The grudges of the Siberian Tatars echo the old Turkic linguistic worldview. The pejorative phraseological units of the component ‘pash’ - ‘head’ reflect a pre-religious view of the universe. The anthropocentric principle is reflected in the correlation of the human head with the Upper World. In the wishes to bring the head under the earth (to the underworld), there is a demand for the death of the addressee, e.g., ‘паш тумән парыф қатал’ – ‘head down,’ ‘пашың пелән паш түмән кит’ – ‘head down,’ ‘пашың йер астыта йатсын (цересен)’ – ‘your head lies under the earth (rotting).’ The authors have identified ways of forming phraseological units of grudges in the dialects of Siberian Tatars – using the imperative (zero affix -сын // -сен) and the wishful mood (-ғыр / -гер, -қыр /-кер). It has been shown that some units function in a full and a shortened version: ‘эценә шеш қаталғыр и қаталғыр,’ ‘инәңнең (атаңның, палаңның пашын йот и паш йотқыр.’ Phraseological units of grudges are directed against the wrongdoer – a bad person, a thief, an envious person, a slanderer, a greedy person, an insatiable person, a braggart, a pest, a scoundrel, a liar, etc. The extent of the punishment varies: from physical mutilation (‘пашыңа таш төшсөн’ – ‘a stone shall fall on your head’) to death (‘пашыңны айу йотсон’ – ‘a bear shall eat your head’), from one (‘тәнеңне пашсыс күмсеннәр’ – ‘your corpse shall be buried without a head’) to several cases (‘қайғылартан пашың цықмасын’ – ‘don’t let your head get out of rest’). Phraseological units have paradigmatic relationships and form synonymous series. The material studied can be used in the compilation of dialect, phraseological, linguistic, and cultural dictionaries of the Tatar language, which constitutes the practical value of this article. Keywords: Siberian Tatar, phraseological units, grudges, pejorative, ‘pash’ – ‘head’, human nomination | 329 | |||||
| 622 | A lexical group of words with the stem ar-/arg- (arka, agysh, argan, etc.) was recorded in the Russian dialects of the Perm, Kirov, and Sverdlovsk regions, while no equivalents were found in other regions. According to the available etymology, they go back to the Komi word ar ‘malek, fry’, which seems quite convincing given the structural and semantic similarity of the Komi and Russian equivalents and the area in which they occur. However, the version appears incomplete, as the material of the Komi and Russian dialects has not yet been fully considered, although the analysis allows for other sources. The study aims to test the hypothesis further and close the gaps as much as possible. The material for the study was taken from various lexicographical sources: Dialectal, regional, thematic, etymological, etc. Dictionaries of the Komi and Russian languages, dictionaries and scientific works dealing with ichthyonymic vocabulary, description of fish species, habitat in the region, etc. The methods and techniques of areal linguistics, comparative and comparative historical linguistics were used. The result of the study is: 1) it is confirmed that the Russian ichthyonyms are related to the common Komi word ar ‘malek, fish fry’; it is shown that under the conditions of close contacts between Russians and Komi-Permians the forms arik, arka, arga ‘malyavka’ were formed, which underwent further formal and semantic transformation under the conditions of dominant Russian influence: argysh, argish, argashik, arishka , etc. ‘small river fish’, ‘minnow’; 2) it was found that the epicenter of innovation was the Upper Kama region, the zone of the closest KomiPermian-Russian contacts, from where the contamination forms penetrated both the Komi-Zyryan and the Russian dialects of the more remote areas of the Perm territory and other regions; 3) a new version is proposed about the second possible origin of the Russian ichthyonyms, which is supported by comparable material from the Turkic languages (e.g., tat. argon, argan/ argan balyk ‘salmon’), ichthyological sources from the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX century indirectly testify to this. Keywords: ichthyonym, etymology, Northern Russian dialects, Komi languages, language contacts, borrowing | 320 | |||||
| 623 | The article characterizes the content of occasional rituals related to the construction of houses among the Chuvash in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. The study aims to determine the ritual practices associated with house construction. The work’s theoretical basis is the comparative history method, which makes it possible to identify parallels in the culture of the peoples of the Ural-Volga region. The article deals with rituals such as sacrifice during construction, the choice of a place for the construction of a future house, the rite of nikĕs pătti/‘porridge for the deity of the foundation’ and the installation of mačcha kashti/‘ matitsa.’ Based on archival information and materials obtained from Chuvash informants in the regions of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Samara, and Chelyabinsk during the expeditions from 2009 to 2018, the ritual acts accompanying the construction of a house characterized by the uniformity and local peculiarities are shown. The context of the ritual acts was common to the Chuvash in all regions. However, differences were found in the number of apotropaic objects, the verbal code, and the status of the speaker. The great importance of occasional rituals in the construction of a dwelling shows the special attitude of the Chuvash toward the sacralization of space and their desire to domesticate it and use it according to their own needs. The performance of building rituals created the conditions for the well-being of the family and the material prosperity of the future homeowners, and the effect of apotropaic magic protected against the harmful effects of otherworldly forces. A space unsuitable for construction or ritual acts not performed in time could lead to misfortune. Therefore, all traditions and customs associated with construction were strictly observed. The symbolism of the apotropaic objects necessary for construction – coins and wool, sometimes cereals and grain - has been preserved in modern construction areas despite the change in traditional ideas about their original purpose and the influence of Orthodoxy on the worldview of the majority of Chuvash. The results of the study open up the prospect of a systematic study of Chuvash building rituals and characterize their changes over time (from archival material and authors of the 19th and early 20th centuries to ethnographic material collected in the 21st century) and space (different regions of the UralVolga region where the Chuvashes settle are considered). Keywords: building rituals, tradition, house building, dwelling, locus, Chuvash | 318 | |||||
| 624 | The relevance of the research topic arises from the need to provide a scientifically sound description of the linguistic situation and to find solutions for preserving the Sakha language in the context of a linguistic shift when children lose their mother tongue, even in a monoethnic environment. The study aimed to determine the level of the native language of Sakha children aged 5 to 17 years in 14 districts of the Republic of Sakha, where the Sakha–speaking population predominates (Amginsky, Vilyuysky, Verkhnevilyuysky, Verkhoyansky, Gorny, Megino-Kangalassky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldan, Churapchinsky, Khangalassky), as well as in four kindergartens and three schools in Yakutsk with a Sakha-speaking environment. The scientific novelty of the study is that a comprehensive sociolinguistic study of the mother tongue level of Sakha-speaking children of younger and middle age was carried out for the first time. The study attempts to investigate the sociolinguistic problem of the reproduction of the Sakha language by preschool and school-age children in relation to the linguistic attitudes of their parents. The work’s theoretical significance lies in clarifying the content of the concept of ‘language mastery’ in relation to bilingualism from a sociolinguistic perspective. The study’s practical significance lies in the fact that the results obtained can be used to determine measures to improve children’s language skills. The study of language competence is based on the theories of lexical semantics by Yu. Apresyan, the “Primordial Vocabulary” of Yu. Desheriev, the interference of L. Shcherba, E. Vereshchagin, A. Karlinsky, the psychological theory of coherent speech of A. Leontiev, S. Rubinstein, the language development methods of M. Alekseeva, B. Yashina, O. Ushakova, of E. Strunina and the socio-psycholinguistic approach of N. Ivanova. The empirical material was collected during the implementation of the research project “Monitoring the native language level of Sakha children in preschools and secondary schools of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)” in 2024, within the framework of the state program “Preservation and Development of State and Official Languages in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2020–2024”. Interviews were conducted with 4,052 children aged 5 to 17 years, and a sociolinguistic survey of 1,574 parents in 14 target villages and in Yakutsk, which made it possible to establish not only the fact of language shift but also the conditioning of children’s linguistic development by the attitude of their parents. The oral interviewing method was used, including children’s stories about themselves, their family, and their daily routine, an interview on a picture, a picture-based story, a method of nonintegrative observation of children’s communication, and a sociolinguistic survey of parents, caregivers, and teachers. The collected material was processed using data analysis, interpretation, and systematization. Keywords: children's language proficiency, mother tongue level, Sakha language, Yakut language, bilingualism, sociolinguistic research, parents' language attitudes, lexical composition, coherent speech, speech behavior | 292 | |||||
| 625 | The article is dedicated to the most important product of traditional Selkup cuisine – fishmeal called porsa in Selkup. The historical significance of porsa in the Selkup diet is examined and compared with ‘Russian bread’ – grain flour. Techniques for the preparation of porsa and methods for its consumption are discussed. New values for fishmeal that have emerged over the last two decades are recorded. The problem of Selkup porsa has not yet been studied separately, which is a scientific novelty. The article serves to preserve the Selkup national culture and encourages the Selkups to search for new forms of ethnicity, making it relevant. The research was carried out using analysis, description, comparative historical method, and field research. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn. Porsa is comparable to grain flour in its appearance and, more importantly, in its role in the Selkups’ livelihood. The techniques for making porsa varied but were all based on the method of grinding dried fish. The porsa was eaten dry and flavored with fish oil; the porsa was cooked into a soup; large quantities of wild berries were added to these dishes. Porsa was considered a strategic product as it was easy to store and helped the Selkups when they had a ‘rainy day’ and ran out of food. Mixed with grain flour, porsa was used to bake bread, cakes, and pies. Among the Selkups, some dishes are called porsa but are not prepared in the form of fishmeal, or dishes that are prepared from minced dried fish but are not considered porsa; these dishes and porsa lead to a common denominator – fish oil, which is found in all of them. Due to the discovery of these contradictory phenomena, the study raised the question of which products and dishes other than fishmeal the Selkups referred to as porsa. To date, the production and consumption of dishes made from porsa have been minimized among the Selkups; porsa has changed its meaning and has become a means of recalling the happy past, a medicine that cures the stomach, and above all, a tool with which the Selkups assert their ethnic identity. Keywords: Selkups, national cuisine, fishmeal, consumption techniques, cooking methods, transformation of meaning | 290 | |||||
| 626 | The article is devoted to analyzing the linguistic attitudes, evaluations, and social representations of the inhabitants of modern Mongolia in relation to the Russian language. The empirical basis of the study is based on the results of a comprehensive socio-psycholinguistic survey on the function of the Russian language in the educational system of Mongolia, which was conducted from 2021 to 2023. The survey results show that respondents believe Russian should be taught in Mongolia’s educational institutions. The analysis of subjective attitudes revealed a certain hierarchy of foreign languages in the rating system of adult Mongolians: English comes first, Russian second, and Chinese third. The study showed that there are different motives for learning these languages. English is characterized by integrative attitudes, while Russian and Chinese are instrumental. At the same time, the results showed that the conceptual image of the Mongolian world is more similar and closer to the Russian worldview than to English and Chinese. Respondents consider Russian to be an important and necessary language for getting a good education, achieving academic goals, traveling, and satisfying cultural needs. The analysis of the social perception of Mongolians regarding the importance of the Russian language today, the need to learn it, and the problems in the education system revealed that the main reasons for the deterioration of Russian language skills are primarily problems in the education system, the lack of language and competition with other foreign languages. At the same time, the majority of respondents (82%) believe that Mongolians need Russian language skills in modern conditions. The main factors contributing to the functioning of the Russian language in Mongolia are the prestige of the Russian language as a scientific and educational language, the territorial proximity of the two states, common historical moments, rich Russian culture and art. To solve the problems related to the Russian language, the majority proposes to improve the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language in the Mongolian education system and to update legal acts at the state and interstate levels. Keywords: Russian language, evaluation characteristics, social representations, language attitudes, Mongolia | 274 | |||||
| 627 | The article is based on the analysis of ethnographic sources and discusses the dietary habits of the Komi (Zyryan) during the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of the topic arises from the fact that in modern ethnological science, there is an interest in the topic of ethnic adaptation during the crisis when the mechanisms rooted in folk culture are actualized, which makes it possible to maintain the minimum living standards of society. The research optics aims to study the life of people in the conditions of hunger, which makes it possible to reveal the characteristics of food and understand how, in the absence of a centralized state supply, the lack of food was overcome and what life practices were realized. The sources for the article were the materials on food culture in Komi (Zyryan) collected by T. Chudova in 2000-2022, which are now in the scientific archive of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University. Also included are the author’s field notes on everyday practices during the war years. Oral narratives about life and everyday life are historical sources that make it possible to obtain reliable information first-hand and not through interpretation. Analysis of the ethnographic sources leads to the conclusion that food resources during the war years depended on the season: From spring to fall, the basis of the diet consisted of wild plants, and in winter, – potatoes and vegetables. The use of the region’s biological resources enabled survival during this difficult period, and the knowledge of the nutritional properties of wild plants and the maintenance of the practice of including them in the diet points to the mechanisms embedded in folk culture that enable us to adapt to food shortages. The basis of the traditional diet in Komi (Zyryan) was the cultivation of grain, the scarcity of which during the war years and the impossibility of obtaining it from the region led to changes in the structure of cultivated land when they began to actively grow potatoes and vegetables, which took an important place in the diet. The protein component of the diet has practically disappeared from the table of rural residents. The presence of a feed cow on the farm made it possible to somehow survive in a time of hunger. Based on the product range composition, the nutrition model during the war can be defined as a ‘survival model’. Keywords: Komi (Zyryans), nutrition, Great Patriotic War, hunger, wild plants, potatoes, vegetables | 267 | |||||
| 628 | The article deals with the transformation of the cultural identity of the indigenous inhabitants of Ilmenskoye Poozerye (Ilmenskoye Lake Region) against the background of modern social and economic changes and emphasizes the historical significance of this region, which still retains some unique cultural features such as the dialect and a distinct local identity of the indigenous population. Although Ilmenskoye Poozerye is not an official administrative-territorial unit today and is often referred to in the past tense, the locals clearly recognize the boundaries of their region and continue to refer to themselves as Poozerians. Contrary to the widespread opinion of experts that the Ilmenskoye Poozerye region has exhausted its research potential, the article shows that this historical area can currently be researched. Although the local population itself is convinced of the ‘death’ of the Poozerye, the research shows that the Poozer community has not died but has changed. Based on in-depth interviews with people born in the Poozerye villages, it is concluded that the current community is imaginary, as it does not include all Ilmenskoye Poozerye residents, on the one hand, and urban residents with Poozer roots, who are emotionally connected to this micro-region and share the value of its past, on the other. At the same time, despite their physical distance from each other, residents continue to feel part of a single community and refer to themselves as Poozerians. Nostalgia for past times and village life unites both native Poozerians and those who have moved to the city, creating a community that can be described as ‘nostalgic.’ In this context, nostalgia is seen as a resource that creates social bonds and enables coping with life changes. The emotional attachment to the place itself and its past is another form of manifestation of the local identity of the Poozerye community, along with other criteria. Keywords: Lake Ilmen area, Ilmenskoye Poozerye, Poozerians, identity, local identity, nostalgia | 266 | |||||
| 629 | The article deals with the work of A. Dulzon (also known as Andreas Dulson), the founder of the Tomsk School of Turkology and one of the pioneers in the study of the Chulym Turkic language and the dialects of the Tomsk Tatars. Thanks to the work of A. Dulzon, the Chulym-Turkic language, received its first systematic scientific description, becoming the standard for subsequent generations of researchers. Professor Dulzon’s research laid the foundation for the development of many areas of modern Siberian Turkology, including toponymy, dialectology, and the interaction of different ethnic groups in the region. Under the direct supervision of A. Dulzon, six dissertations on Turkic languages and toponymy were defended. Through his efforts, regional scientific schools were founded, including the Novokuznetsk School of Turkology, where more than 20 doctoral students were trained in Shor and other Turkic languages. Today, the traditions of studying Siberian Turkic languages established by Andrei Dulzon continue and are developed at Tomsk State Pedagogical University (TSPU). Thus, the work of A. Dulzon is still relevant and in demand, confirming his scientific legacy’s importance for the modern generation of Turkologists. Keywords: A. Dulzon, scientific school, Turkic languages, Chulym-Turkic language, Teleut language, Shor language, language of the Siberian Tatars, toponymy | 265 | |||||
| 630 | This article deals with the semantics of the suffix -lsA in Barguzin Buryat. The morpheme originally coded sociative but then also took on the reciprocal function. Field data from Baragkhan ulus (Republic of Buryatia), collected by interviewing local speakers and by elicitation, show that contrary to previous works on Buryat, the Barguzin version of the suffix -lsA does not form traditional assistive clauses and has certain limitations in terms of how a plural argument can be expressed in sociative clauses: essentially, it cannot form sociative clauses in the strict sense, i.e. it does not allow a simple plural noun phrase or coordinated noun phrases as the plural argument. In the paper, the existing meanings of the affix are shown, including different sociative types: subject-oriented, object-oriented, and event-oriented. It has been established that the events described by sociative clauses must be spatially, temporally, and factually related. I argue that all possible meanings of the suffix amount to event plurality as the semantic invariant. Furthermore, the events -lsA refers must be part of the same situation (in the sense of situation semantics). Reciprocal and sociative semantics of different types then result from different possible contextual relations between the events. For example, in the case of a reciprocal clause with two participants, the events share the same set of participants and descriptive properties but differ in the distribution of semantic roles between the participants. Argumentoriented sociative clauses refer to events that have the same descriptive properties but differ in an argument. ‘Attendant action’ -lsA clauses refer to events that may have nothing in common except the basic connection within the situation they both belong to. Keywords: Buryat, Mongolic languages, sociative, reciprocal, verb semantics, event plurality, pluractionality, semantic invariant, polysemy | 261 | |||||
| 631 | The article analyzes the problems of believers and clergy in the Tomsk region in the restoration of religious life in the context of changes in the anti-religious policy of the state in 1944-1945 using the example of the Peter and Paul Church in Tomsk. The study is based on documents from the collection of the Plenipotentiary of the Council for Religious Affairs at the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Tomsk Region. The article states that the repressive religious policy of the pre-war period did not lead to a complete suppression of religion and that religious congregations were illegal. It notes that one of these congregations, which formed around an illegal house of prayer, had a significant share in the revived parish. We have analyzed the conditions under which the Orthodox congregation of the Peter and Paul Church was involved in the restoration of religious life in a legal position. We came to the conclusion that the change in religious policy in 1943 met with the inertia of the local authorities, and it took a year for all the formalities for the opening of the church to be approved. The reports of the local authorities and the documents of the congregation reveal problems in the restoration of religious life, such as the poor technical condition of the building purchased by the faithful, conflicts between the congregation and the priesthood of the Novosibirsk and Barnaul diocese, and internal congregational problems related to the confrontation between priests and parishioners. The article reveals a lack of unity among the active parishioners when one of the parties, during the course of the conflict, revealed information to the authorities about the maintenance of an illegal house of prayer before the establishment of the parish. We analyzed the congregation’s serious problems with financial accounting and the violations of the condition of the church buildings. We concluded that spiritual life has declined during the ongoing anti-religious persecution. The article provides quantitative data on the level of liturgical activities of the Peter and Paul Church clergy in the context of demographic changes in the region. We found that the restrictions on the revitalization of religious life did not fully meet the needs of the population. The article shows that even under these conditions, other Tomsk believers turned to the Peter and Paul Church, and the clergy conducted services and sacraments not only in the city itself but also outside the city, which could be due to the social demand for the revival of religious life. Keywords: Russian Orthodox Church, Orthodox parish, Soviet government, Peter and Paul Church, Tomsk region, Tomsk | 257 | |||||
| 632 | The article aims to shed light on the problem of preserving the Altai wedding in the town of Gorno-Altaisk. The study’s material is field data collected by the author over three decades in the Altai Republic. The methods of description and systematization of the collected material were used in the analysis of the source base. It was found that in the urban Altai population, a traditional wedding is considered prestigious, which is why the ritual wedding ‘Altai toi’ is celebrated in the first half of the day, and a youth wedding is celebrated in the second half of the day. It is emphasized that the modern wedding ceremony is less extensive compared to the traditional one, which is important in urban conditions. The characteristics of the town’s wedding ceremony are described, essentially performed as a sign of respect for the bride’s relatives. Attention is drawn to the problems that arise when Altaians perform a wedding in a comfortable apartment when an open fire is required for the rituals in honor of the family hearth. The problem of ritual chanting, which accompanies the bride through the streets of the town to the house of the groom’s parents and is performed early in the morning, is described, and it is pointed out that the town of Gorno-Altaisk acts as a ‘hub’ of the ritual life of the ethno-territorial groups of the Altai people, whose representatives live in the capital of the republic. This can be illustrated by the example of the Southern Altai people, whose ethnic self-identification consists of ethnoconsolidating characteristics – traditions, customs, and language. Controversial wedding situations arise when the groom or bride are Telengits because the ritual meanings of the Altai Kizhi and Telengits do not match. Contradictions can be observed when the wedding is performed in the “Telengit way” with the combination of post-wedding offerings (‘belkenchek’), while the Altai Kizhi prohibition that the bride’s parents be present at the wedding in the groom’s home is observed. The described tradition of observing the main rituals and ceremonies allows us to attribute the preserved Altai wedding rites to the ethnocultural heritage of the Altai Republic. Over the last ten years, the Council of Zaisans, as the head of the clans-seoks, has proposed establishing a “yurt-ayil” as a center of traditional culture, where the most important rituals can be held in honor of the groom’s ancestral fire. Special efforts are needed to develop ethnic culture in modern conditions and make the town a spiritual center. Keywords: Altai people, urban conditions, wedding rituals, ethnocultural heritage, republic, field material, direct observation method, analysis | 247 | |||||
| 633 | This review article is dedicated to the Finno-Ugric field of research as part of the scientific heritage of Andrei Petrovich Dulzon (also known as Andreas Dulson), whose 125th anniversary will be celebrated in 2025. A. Dulzon, an outstanding Russian scientist and an international authority in the field of linguistics, ethnography, and archeology, made a remarkable contribution to the study of the languages and cultures of the indigenous peoples of Siberia. A. Dulzon’s role in founding the linguistic school at the Tomsk State Pedagogical University, which today houses the Laboratory of the Languages of the Siberian Peoples is particularly noteworthy. The problem he formulated regarding the origin of the Siberian aborigines and their languages is of central importance, which became the basis for complex interdisciplinary studies by linguists, archeologists, and ethnographers. The article reflects the main stages in developing the Finno-Ugric direction, beginning with the studies of A. Dulzon himself in the 1960s and continuing to the present day. The article describes the main areas of interest of scholars in this direction, as well as the latest trends in their research, in which more and more attention is paid to the integrated linguoanthropological approach to the study of the languages and cultures of the indigenous peoples of Siberia and the North, which A. Dulzon insisted on. The linguistic school of A. Dulzon continues to develop, conducting field research and publishing activities, organizing conferences that serve as a platform for the exchange of knowledge and research in the field of languages and cultures, attracting scientists from all over the world, and making a significant contribution to the overall picture of linguistic and cultural knowledge. Keywords: A. Dulzon, linguistic school, Finno-Ugric languages, Khanty language, complex approach, linguoanthropological research | 220 | |||||
| 634 | The Trans-Baikal Territory, like other regions of Siberia and the Far East, is experiencing a population outflow to the European part of the country. The theoretical basis of this article draws on the theories and concepts of both foreign and domestic scholars: R. Copello’s concept of interpreting identity as an economic asset and territorial identity as an intangible asset; E. Panzer’s idea of territorial identity as the perception of similarity felt and experienced by residents of a specific territory; N. Baryshnaya’s theory of the correlation of degrees of territorial self-identification; and I. Zadorina’s concept of territorial identity in border areas. The article establishes that territorial identity is based on the regular intellectual, psychological, and emotional practice of correlating oneself and subsequently self-identifying with a particular territory, local community, or region, characterized by territorial, historical, cultural, social, regulatory, and linguistic specifics. The authors propose a behavioral-migration typology of territorial identity depending on an individual’s position at various stages of the life cycle. The article demonstrates that modern individuals often exhibit a lack of focus in their territorial identity, indicating that perceptions are forming about the specialization of territories throughout the life cycle: place of birth, place of study, place of work, place of rest, and place of retirement. A complete lack of focus and an entirely focused territorial identity are extreme cases. More commonly, individual stages of the life cycle are associated with a specific place, thereby strengthening a particular type of territorial identity. Each period of life has its own type of territorial identity. In recent years, personal behavioral geography has undergone a revolutionary transformation, leading to changes in the social structure of families and the concept of local territorial communities. Keywords: identity, regional (territorial) identity, evolution, human life cycle, Trans-Baikal Territory, territorial identity by place of birth, territorial identity by place of study, territorial identity by place of work, phenomenon of focused territorial identity | 30 | |||||
| 635 | This article examines traditional Altai beliefs about nature as expressed through the sang rite, which is performed at the family level in Altai-Telengit culture. The family sang is a rite of gratitude intended to establish a connection between the family and the spirits of the masters of the local area, mountains, healing springs, and Altai itself, as well as to ensure the well-being and prosperity of the family. During the rite, the family offers food and drinks, sprinkling them around the house. The article is based on the author’s fieldwork conducted in Kokorya village, Kosh-Agach district, in February 2025. The study employed ethnographic methods, including interviews, participant observation, video, and photography. The research found that the family sang rite is performed not only as part of the Chagaa-Bayram celebration but also throughout the year. For example, the rite is often conducted at home in preparation for significant family events, and some families perform it monthly. The study also revealed that the sang rite reflects the worldview of the local population, in which nature and spirits play a central role. Through the good wishes expressed during the rite, one can gain a deeper understanding of the Altai Telengits’ attitude toward the cult of nature and the significance of natural forces in their livelihood. For instance, during sang, wishes are often made for the greatness and wealth of Altai as the sacred homeland of the Altai people, the well-being of the family and the Altai people as a whole, the fertility of the land, and the safe grazing of cattle, which is fundamental to the nomadic way of life. Well-wishes are also addressed to sacred mountains, healing springs, terrain, and rivers, asking for protection and well-being. Thus, the sang ritual serves not only as a means of communicating with host spirits but also as a way of expressing gratitude and petition to natural forces. The study of the sang rite expands our knowledge of the traditional culture of the Altai people, allowing for a better understanding of their worldview, beliefs, and family values. Additionally, this research can serve as a basis for preserving and reviving traditional rites and customs in modern society, while also contributing to the strengthening of interethnic relations and intercultural dialogue. Keywords: traditional views, religious beliefs, Altaians, Telengits, sang, sang salary, rituals, ethnic culture | 23 | |||||
| 636 | Despite extensive work on segmenting sound units, the problem of defining boundaries between phones remains unresolved. Researchers in experimental phonetics continue to debate segmentation methods that are effective for some languages but not applicable to others. Recent advances in understanding speech production offer new perspectives on established segmentation practices. During the closure phase, voiced occlusive consonants contain non-slit, muted components, while voiceless occlusive consonants include voiced components produced by incomplete closure of the true vocal folds in certain areas. This articulation generates vibrations not typically associated with voiceless tuning. Additionally, the noisy voiceless occlusive consonant is not consistently realized as homorganic throughout its duration; elements of quasi-voicing are present in its spectrum. The muted component of the vowel in the transitional section also requires attention. When interpreting this, it is necessary to determine whether the transitional segment is a muted vowel, a muted consonant, or a voiced component of a voiceless consonant. Currently, the only method for making this determination is acoustic: 1) extract the fragment of interest from a word followed by a consonant; 2) normalize the waveform in a computer program; 3) listen to the normalized stimulus and make a decision. Based on linguistic material from native speakers of the Shor and Russian languages, the authors propose a classification of different strategies for segmenting speech material in these transitional areas. The first strategy, subgroup A, involves a full-sounding vowel component, a muted vowel component, and a voiced stop consonant (V + Vќ + C2); subgroup B involves a full-sounding vowel component, a muted vowel component, and a voiceless stop consonant (V + Vќ + C1). The second strategy, subgroup A: full-sounding vowel + strongly tense voiced component of a voiced stop consonant + voiced stop consonant (V + CѴ2 + C2); subgroup B: full-sounding vowel + voiced component of a voiceless stop consonant + voiceless stop consonant (V + Cњ1 + C1). Keywords: Shor language, Russian language, vowels, consonants, articulatory-acoustic correspondences, transitional sections | 22 | |||||
| 637 | Omens play significant functional and semantic roles in Karachay-Balkarian linguistics and ethnoculture, appearing as formulaic utterances with various syntactic structures, constructed according to different patterns of simple and complex sentence constructions. Simple omen-statements, which allow relatively free lexical choices in their syntactic positions, contain a limited number of predicates and most often express prohibitions against actions that violate societal norms. In complex omens, which mainly take the form of complex sentences, conditions are presented that are interpreted both as bad omens and as phenomena leading to particular, usually adverse, outcomes. There are also sign-microtexts, which are more detailed and consist of several separate constructions. The initial parts of these microtexts present desirable or undesirable phenomena or actions important to the ethnic worldview, followed by motivational constructions explaining why something is beneficial or harmful and why one should or should not act in a certain way. Since these signs are based on the life experience of native speakers, they reflect the worldview of the Karachay-Balkarian ethnic group and the diversity of their environment. This enables a preliminary thematic classification of omens related to various aspects of life, including hunting, handicrafts, agriculture, fauna, etiquette, and interpersonal relations. It is also notable that, due to their archaic nature, these signs largely reflect the mythological consciousness of the Karachay-Balkarian ethnoculture. For example, some constructions characteristically include zoolexemes denoting totemic animals. Despite their archaic and stable nature, these omen-statements can undergo formal and semantic transformations over time, influenced by changing living conditions and contact with other cultures. Keywords: Karachay-Balkarian language, folklore, omens, classification, structure, semantics, function, mythological component | 21 | |||||
| 638 | This paper examines the distribution study of constructions with auxiliary verbs in the Vakh and Vasyugan dialects of the Khanty language. The formation of these units in the dialects occurs through a grammaticalization process, involving their phonetic, morphosyntactic, and functional adaptation. In Vakh, auxiliary verbs such as wəl- ‘be’, wəs- ‘be’, and ku ̇̆ rt- (ku ̇̆ r-) ‘cannot’ are used; in Vasyugan, wəl- ‘be’, jӛ- ‘become’, игли- / ыглы- ‘auxiliary verb’, wér- ‘do’, and ku ̇̆ rt- ‘cannot’ are found. These auxiliaries appear with the following types of basic elements: in both Vakh and Vasyugan, with the negative existential predicate ӛntim and with verbs in the infinitive form; in Vasyugan, also with borrowed lexemes or word forms. Their compatibility is limited to six positions, with the Vasyugan dialect exhibiting a wider variety of analytical constructions. The auxiliaries wəl- ‘be’, wəs- ‘be’, jӛ- ‘become’, wer- ‘do’, and ku ̇̆ rt- (in Vakh also ku ̇̆ r-) ‘cannot’ have not undergone significant phonetic erosion, do not take stress in a syntagma, do not show a tendency to become clitics, but are marked by a relative pause before the main semantically significant elements of the analytical construction. Игли- / ыглы- ‘auxiliary verb’, in the Vasyugan idiom of the materials of Makary (Nevsky), is also always separated by a space (pause) in writing. The auxiliary verbs wəl- ‘be’ and wəs- ‘be’ are fixed with the negative existential predicate ӛntim and serve only grammatical functions. Wer- ‘make’ is used with any borrowed lexeme or word form; игли- / ыглы- ‘auxiliary verb’ and ku ̇̆ rt- (ku ̇̆ r-) ‘cannot’ begin to appear in combinations with infinitive forms; игли- / ыглы- ‘auxiliary verb’ shows signs of a reduced inflectional paradigm; ku ̇̆ rt- (ku ̇̆ r-) ‘cannot’ is not usually used as the main verb. In prototypical cases, auxiliary elements follow the main semantically significant lexeme, and the analytical construction itself is located at the end of the sentence. Keywords: analytical constructions, auxiliary verbs, Khanty dialects | 21 | |||||
| 639 | This article reconsiders existing theories about the mechanisms of Permian denasalization, specifically the simplification of inlaut proto-Finno-Ugric clusters of the type “nasal + consonant or affricate,” which led to the emergence of voiced consonants and affricates in the Permian proto-language (*mp > *-b, *nt > *d, *ŋk > *g, *nč > *ǯ, *ńć > *ʒ ́ ). Permian denasalization is a phenomenon linking Permian and Hungarian languages and distinguishing them from other Finno-Ugric languages (such as the development of a system of voiced consonants, sequential reduction of auslaut vowels, and parallels in morphology and vocabulary). Therefore, understanding the nature, mechanisms, and timing of Permian denasalization is important for addressing issues in Permian and Hungarian prehistory. The article demonstrates that the widely accepted earlier explanations (V. Lytkin, K. Rédei, V. Kelmakov, S. Csúcs), which connect this phenomenon to the Permian apocope (the loss of the final vowel in old two-syllable stems and subsequent reduction of the auslaut), do not account for the full range of facts and reveal internal inconsistencies. It is shown that the prevailing view–that the appearance of voiced consonant stops in Proto-Permian followed the spread of inline voiced consonants resulting from denasalization–is chronologically problematic. The occurrence of voiced consonant stops should be considered a fairly early independent phenomenon that developed in Proto-Permian, influenced by Iranian languages. To explain Permian denasalization, the article draws on M. Zhivlov’s idea of a shift in Proto-Permian stress from the first syllable to subsequent syllables, causing the first syllables of old stems to fall into a weak position in terms of rhythmic consonant gradation, as described by E. Helimski. This explanation aligns with the characteristics of Permian denasalization (such as weakening of the first element of the cluster, as in rhythmic gradation, and the absence of denasalization between the second and third syllables) and finds parallels in the phonetic phenomena of the Ossetian language (such as stress shift from the first syllable to the second and beyond). Keywords: Permic languages, denasalization, historical morphonology, linguistic reconstruction, language contacts, Hungarian language, Finno-Ugric languages, Iranian languages | 19 | |||||
| 640 | This article examines a little-studied stratum of archaic beliefs held by Russian and Chinese Tuvans about deceased shamans, which contain the main tenets of shamanic mythology: the three-part division of the world, the existence of an afterlife, and ideas about the chosen and powerful shaman. The features of the Tuvan shamanic funeral rite, which persisted until the mid-20th century, are described, and the reasons for the customary damage to the tambourine of the deceased shaman are examined. The article discusses views on the deathbed orders of shamans, which include contradictory functions: protecting the well-being of their descendants and harming enemies and abusers. General ideas about tambourine sounds near shamanic graves, consistently preserved among the Russian and Chinese Tuvans, are analyzed. It is revealed that, despite changes in the funeral rites of Tuvans in Russia and abroad over the past century–when there is no longer a need for posthumous storage of a shaman’s cult attributes next to his grave–beliefs about the sounds of the tambourine remain stable. The specific features of the sounds produced by the shamanic tambourine, their location, and the times of their audibility during specific periods of the day are described, and the motif of a predetermined number of tambourines in the Tuvan shamanic cult practice is examined. Ideas about the actions of deceased shamans (the ability to rock, beat a tambourine, appear in former human form, or appear as helper spirits) were initially associated with the belief in the close connection between the shaman’s life force and the tambourine, and the observance of the tradition of the shaman’s aerial burial with cult attributes, since, according to the Tuvans, the shaman’s life force remained near the burial. Today, modern Tuvans still maintain a stable motif regarding the connection between the shaman’s life force and the tambourine. They also hold a belief in the power and chosen status of a magical specialist, as well as the notion that the sounds of the tambourine serve a predictive function. The sources for this research include published and new field materials. The chronological framework of the study is from the mid-20th century to the early 21st century. Keywords: Tuvans of Russia, Tuvans of China, Tuvan shamanism, mythological beliefs, death of a shaman, sounds of a shamanic tambourine | 19 | |||||
| 641 | The article examines the typology of temporal mobility, defined as the ability of verbal forms to exhibit temporal opposition. Using data from several Andic languages (forms are equally marked, standing in equipollent opposition. In contrast, retrospective mobility assumes that verbal forms are in a privative opposition: a form referring to the past must have an overt temporal marker, while the basic form is temporally unmarked and its temporal reference is secondary to its aspectual properties. A verbal system may combine both techniques of temporal opposition, allowing systems to be classified according to the predominant type of mobility. Retrospective mobility is similar to the retrospective shift. However, data from the Andic languages suggest that this is not entirely accurate, and the marker of retrospective shift can only be postulated if the retrospective type of mobility predominates in the system. Additionally, several hypotheses can be proposed regarding the origins of retrospective mobility. From a diachronic perspective, systems with predominant retrospective mobility appear to arise from the loss of the present-tense copula in all basic forms. Sporadic retrospective mobility is much more difficult to analyze diachronically, as it remains unclear whether the local loss of the copula in individual forms should be assumed. Based on data from the Karata and Bagvalal languages, it can be suggested that this type of retrospective mobility characterizes the oldest forms in the system. The example of the Karata verbal system also demonstrates that, with the grammaticalization of new analytical forms, the relationships between forms of mobility are renewed: this idiom exhibits a diachronically intermediate “hybrid” type of mobility. Keywords: temporal mobility, tense oppositions, retrospective shift, plusquamperfect, Andic languages, Nakh-Daghestanian languages | 18 | |||||
| 642 | Using a specific case study on the classification of the Turkic languages of Southern Siberia, this paper examines the potential for combining data from linguistic and population genetic studies. Analysis of similar rules in several dialects belonging to three Turkic genealogical language groups suggests that the influence of these rules in each group is only partly related to a Sayan-Samoyedic substrate, most likely due to language shift that is, the transition of the Sayan Samoyedic people to several Turkic languages. A similar hypothesis was previously proposed by A. Dulzon (Andreas Dulson), but it has not been supported by comparative historical analysis. For Northern Altaic idioms, it appears more likely that the Sayan Samoyeds themselves did not transite to these lects, but rather that a secondary language shift occurred among the Shors, who were already Samoyeds at that time and had adopted a Turkic language. Population genetic data support this hypothesis. Keywords: Turkic languages of Southern Siberia, dialectology, Sayan Samoyeds, sound transitions, substrate, language shift | 18 | |||||
| 643 | This article examines the plot and motif composition of ‘bear’ folklore texts among the indigenous peoples of the Pacific coast–the Ainu and the Nivkhi–in the context of their bear cult, known in ethnography as the “bear festival of the Amur-Sakhalin type.” Both domestic and foreign scientific literature have made a few attempts to systematize the plots of such texts, and a thorough analysis has not yet been conducted. The author presents various perspectives and defines the genres of oral folklore samples of the Ainu and Nivkhi to which ‘bear’ texts belong. For the first time in domestic ethnographic studies, using typological, cultural-historical, and comparative ethnographic methods, as well as comparative analysis, a comprehensive contextual study of ‘bear’ myths and tales published in Russian, Japanese, and English has been carried out, and ‘wandering plots’ of ‘bear’ texts in the folklore of the Ainu and Nivkhi peoples are identified. Using S. Thompson’s index of folklore motifs, the author identified and systematized universal motifs and plots of Ainu and Nivkhi’ bear’ epic works, shaped by the proximity of their territories, shared economic types, close ethnic contacts, and common views on the image of the bear. Local motifs and plots specific to a particular territory and ethno-linguistic field were also identified, as well as motifs and plots not included in the index, which demonstrate the uniqueness of each people’s folklore heritage and confirm the national specificity of the works. The percentage ratio of these motifs and plots in the total number of ‘bear’ motifs and plots was determined, with universal plots predominating. However, the untranslated and unpublished corpus of Ainu and Nivkhi’ bear’ texts suggests that further research is possible. The results can serve as material for further comparative analysis of ‘bear’ texts from different genres among the Paleo-Asian peoples of the North Pacific. This analysis, from an ethnographic perspective, will contribute to identifying features of the archaic views of Paleo-Asians not only in the Amur-Sakhalin region but also in Northeast Asia. Keywords: Ainu, Nivkhi, ‘bear’ folklore, plot, motif, ‘wandering plot,’ local, universal features | 17 | |||||
| 644 | The article examines constructions that express the causation of the emotion of fear in the Buryat language. A comprehensive, multifaceted study of ways to express functional and semantic categories, such as causativity, is one of the pressing issues in modern linguistics. The object of study is causative emotive constructions that demonstrate the interaction between the categories of causativity and emotiveness. The current anthropocentric approach to language study has led to increased interest in the category of emotiveness in linguistics. Fear, the emotion under consideration, is one of the basic negative emotions. The purpose of this work is to identify the semantic and structural components of constructions expressing the causation of fear in the Buryat language. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that, for the first time in the Buryat language, an attempt is made to determine the basic components of constructions expressing the causation of the emotion of fear. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study includes works by both domestic and foreign linguists (V. Shakhovsky, A. Vezhbitskaya, G. Lakoff, K. Izard, N. Kirillova, E. Sundueva, and others). The study material consists of a continuous sample of causative constructions from the Corpus of the Buryat Language (Buryat Corpus). As a result, it was shown that the Buryat language has several synonymous morphological causatives to denote the causation of the emotion of fear. The basic emotive verb naming the causation of fear is aylga-kha ‘to scare’. In the meanings of synonyms of the basic verb, certain prototypical features characteristic of the emotion of fear are actualized: intensity, duration of the causation of the emotion, or its external manifestations. It was found that, when designating the stimulus of the emotion of fear, object stimuli and adverbial participial constructions are used, which describe in detail the cause of the emotion. Emotive intensifiers in fear causation constructions were identified. Thus, in the Buryat language, high intensity of emotion causation is represented in combinations of adverbial participial forms with morphological causatives, whose component composition includes words with synonymous roots meaning “to frighten.” Phraseological combinations expressing the strongest degree of manifestation of the emotion of fearhorror also serve as emotive intensifiers. One notable means of emotive intensification of fear causation in the Buryat language is the use of paired causative verbs. Keywords: causativity, emotivity, causative construction, emotive construction, causative verb, emotional impact, negative emotions, fear, intensifiers, Buryat language | 16 | |||||
| 645 | This article examines the lexical and phraseological nomination of anger within the context of the relationship between language and emotions. The novelty of this research lies in the first structural-semantic and cognitive description of the emotion of anger using lexical and phraseological units from the Sakha language corpus. The theoretical and methodological foundation of the work includes studies by A. Zaliznyak, Y. Apresyan, V. Shakhovsky, A. Vezhbitskaya, A. Emirova, A. Baranov, D. Dobrovolsky, and others. The results show that the Yakut language contains a sufficient number of lexemes and phrases representing the feeling of anger across different levels of emotional expression. Verb lexemes reflecting the state of anger present some difficulty in differentiating semantic components, though native speakers do not have trouble identifying their contextual meaning. The study reveals the presence of intensifying words (adverbs) and paired verb combinations, where the second component acts as an actualizer of emotion. Phraseological units are analyzed according to the dynamics of emotion development, specifically the intensity of their manifestation. Less intense manifestations of anger are indicated by units with a clear sign of irritation. More expressive stages of anger development are demonstrated by expressions whose components include names of human physiological organs. The highest emotional intensity is found in units whose imagery is based on associative perceptions of inherent traits of predatory animals, mythological creatures, and abstract concepts. The main features identified are the attitude toward the object (stimulus), the level of intensity of emotional experience, and the linguistic expression of the negative emotion, which is displayed through the symptomatology of its manifestation. Phraseological interjections play a crucial role as indicators of intensity, expressing additional nuances of verbal reaction that accompany the situational emotion of anger. The linguocultural interpretation of the anger complex phenomenon, as one of the basic emotions, focuses on reconstructing the multifaceted image of a person, including their inner world. Work in this direction involves accumulating linguistic material, which will serve as the basis for a comprehensive description of the image of a representative of this ethnoculture. Keywords: Yakut language, emotion of anger, negative emotion, gradation of intensity, emotive phraseologisms, emotiology | 16 | |||||
| 646 | This article presents the results of studies on ceramics from the Vasyugan and Sarov stages of the Kulai culture (5th century BC–5th century AD) from the archaeological complex at Lake Tukh-Emtor. Located in Vasyuganye on the left bank of the Middle Ob region, the site includes several settlements containing Kulai ceramics. Using a historical and cultural approach, a technical and technological analysis of ceramics from three sites was conducted. The primary objective was to identify cultural traditions in the selection of raw materials and the preparation of pottery paste, to examine the impressions of the ornamenting tools and understand the features of the working edge, and to compare the results obtained. It was found that all vessels were decorated with several tools, and items decorated with similar tools were identified at different sites. It has been established that highly sanded, iron-rich clays were used in the settlement of Tukh-Emtor II, clay with a medium iron content, and in Tukh-Sigat IV and VII, clay with medium and low iron content. Analysis of the composition and characteristics of natural inclusions in the raw material indicates different but similar clay deposits, apparently taken from the shore of a reservoir, likely Lake Tukh-Emtor. Two traditions were identified in the use of mineral inclusions in pottery paste preparation: 1) without the addition of mineral inclusions; 2) with chamotte. In four settlements, Vasyugan-type ceramics, which comprise chamotte, make up 26.5 %, while Sarov ceramics account for 36 %. Overall, the tradition of making ceramics without mineral inclusions prevails. Kulai sites in the Tomsk region are characterized by the addition of broken stone to the pottery paste, while chamotte is typical for the Priket region. In Vasyuganye, a third tradition has been identified—preparing pottery paste without mineral inclusions. This enables the determination of the direction of population contacts during the study period. In particular, the presence of chamotte vessels in Vasyuganye indicates an influx of people from Priketye with different skills in preparing pottery paste during the Vasyugan and Sarov stages. The small number of ceramics, compared to those of the Bronze Age, clearly indicates that the population of this area in the early Iron Age was relatively small. Keywords: early Iron Age, ceramics, Kulai culture, Vasyugan, raw material, molding masses, ornament | 16 | |||||
| 647 | Andrey Dulzon (Andreas Dulson) is recognized as a dialectologist, linguist, and specialist in Germanic and Siberian indigenous languages. In addition to his linguistic research, his archaeological and ethnographic work is also significant. A. Dulzon employed a comprehensive approach to studying ethnocultural diversity; when preparing for expeditions, he developed programs with linguistic, archaeological, anthropological, and ethnographic focuses. A. Dulzon’s activities as an archaeologist have received much less attention in the scientific literature than his work as a linguist. This article seeks to address this gap. Dulzon’s main archaeological expeditions, conducted as part of a group, took place in the Lower Volga region from 1919 to 1924 and in Siberia, along the Basandayka River, from 1944 to 1946. The methodological experience he gained was successfully applied in his later independent archaeological research. In 1944–1945, a comprehensive program was launched to survey the minor peoples of the Tomsk Region, addressing the question of the origin of the Siberian aborigines and their languages. Comprehensive surveys and archaeological excavations were conducted on the Chulym, Ket, and Tym rivers, while archaeological exploration was conducted in other locations, such as around the village of Samus. The research focused on monuments of the late Middle Ages (intended to serve as a link with written records about the resident groups) and archaeological sites from the 16th–17th centuries (the period of Russian arrival, to establish the continuity of the indigenous population). A. Dulzon’s scientific program remains relevant today: his data on Stone Age monuments and Bronze Age sites have been updated, the Tomsk Region forts he listed have been explored, Russian archaeology of Siberia has been established as a new independent discipline within Siberian studies, and interdisciplinary conferences are held with the participation of linguists, archaeologists, and ethnographers. Keywords: A. Dulzon, archaeology, Tomsk period, Western Siberia, comprehensive approach | 15 | |||||
| 648 | Fishing in the Far East of the Russian Federation is a primary economic activity for the population, serving two key functions: meeting the food needs of indigenous peoples and ensuring their participation in the regional and national economies. The article examines the historical aspects of traditional fishing as a vital element of the livelihoods of the indigenous peoples of Chukotka, analyzes the current situation related to fish catch limitations, and presents recommendations for modern fisheries, taking into account the opinions of residents. The study is based on scientific reports, statistical materials, regulatory documents, internet resources, published works on traditional fishing in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and the author’s field materials collected in 2023–2024. The results indicate the need to update administrative and legal mechanisms to support the continuation of traditional fishing by the indigenous population, as well as the possibility of expanding the rights of certain individuals not affiliated with the IPC for this type of fishing. Keywords: traditional fishing, indigenous peoples of Chukotka, livelihoods, legislation | 13 | |||||