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| 601 | This study used ethnographic data and folklore sources to reconstruct the bridegroom’s banya (bathhouse) in the context of the Karelian wedding tradition. The study is necessitated by the lack of knowledge on the subject and the public’s constant interest in folk culture. Some elements of the wedding ritual are often used and redefined in modern ceremonies. The article aims to analyze the actional and verbal aspects of the bridegroom’s banya ritual in the temporal and spatial context, reconstruct the ritual, and present its functions. The study’s novelty lies in the fact that its results will contribute to uncovering new information about the wedding rituals of the Karelians. The study is of practical importance as its results can be used for educational and cultural work in Karelia. Methodologically, the reconstruction of the groom’s banya ritual is based on the systems approach, supported by the comparative historical method, the structural semiotic method, and holistic text analysis. The theoretical background for the study was provided by the works of international and Russian scholars, particularly the fundamental works of J. Surhasko, N. Krinichnaya, A. Stepanova, and L. Ivanova. The material for the analysis was ethnographic descriptions and folklore sources, especially wedding songs recorded by various local groups of Karelians. The earliest texts date from the late 19th century, while Karelian scholars recorded later versions in the first half of the 20th century. These sources have been published in a number of foreign and domestic anthologies. The analysis revealed that the bridegroom’s banya fulfilled the apotropaic and initiatory functions within the ritual and served as a place for the social status change of one of the most important participants of the ritual. Keywords: Karelians, wedding ritual, bathhouse runo songs, bridegroom’s banya, folklore | 104 | |||||
| 602 | This article deals with the etymology of the most common verbs in the Mari (meadow) language. Since there are no ready-made lists of this kind in scientific and pedagogical sources, it was necessary to compile one. This task was accomplished with the help of corpora data. The list of the 100 most frequent verb stems in Mari was compiled based on the most extensive online corpus of the standard Mari language – “Mari Meadow Texts” on the Korp platform in two versions: 1) the full corpus (57.38 million tokens) and 2) its two sub-corpora – fiction and non-fiction (7.1 million tokens). These lists are 90% similar. The etymologies of Mari verbs were compiled according to the best etymological dictionaries by K. Rédei, G. Bereczki, and M. Räsänen. For the 100 most frequent verbs, the ratio of indigenous Finno-Ugric vocabulary to loanwords from Chuvash, Tatar, and Russian was determined. The vocabulary of Uralic and Finno-Ugric origin make up the largest share – from 56–59% (for roots and stems) to 69–70% (for tokens). Original Mari words and words with unclear etymology – 14–22%, loanwords from Turkic languages – 15–22%. There are more Chuvash borrowings than Tatar. Among the loanwords from Turkic, mental verbs predominate, indicating the Turkic world’s significant cultural and humanitarian influence on the Finno-Ugrics (Mari). Among the 100 most frequent verbs in the Mari language, there is only one verb of Russian origin - šotlaš ‘to count.’ However, it is possible that this word entered the Mari language via Chuvash, as Chuvash has šutla ‘to count.’ This study’s results confirm that verbs in a language are more resistant to borrowing than nouns. The compiled top 100 most frequent Mari verbs can be used for linguistic research and teaching and learning the Mari language. Keywords: verbs, frequency, frequency dictionary, corpora studies, Mari language, Finno-Ugric languages, Turkic languages, loanwords, semantics of borrowings, etymology, Ural-Volga region | 103 | |||||
| 603 | This article presents preliminary generalized results of a study of osteological material from the villages of the Chiyalik culture of the Golden Horde period. The study of late medieval settlements will make it possible to determine the biodiversity of this region’s fauna and correctly assess the role of agriculture, animal husbandry, and hunting in the economy of the medieval population. The study of animal remains from monuments of the XIIIXVIII centuries is one of the most promising areas of archaeozoology. One of the most frequent finds in settlements is animal bones. However, the obligatory detailed archaeozoological analysis of bone remains has been carried out only recently, which has already made it possible to obtain initial but important and diverse information that complements the general understanding of the economic activities of the Golden Horde of the VolgaKama population. The proposed work summarizes materials from 12 villages of the Chiyalik culture, which are used: Gornovo, Yabalakly-1, 2 and 3, Podymalovo-1, New Yabalakly 1 and 2, Nizhnekhozyatovo-2 and 3, Mellyatamak VI, Chiyalik, Igimskaya site. The monuments are located in the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals, in the river basin. Belaya and its large tributaries Dema, Ik, etc. The article contains features of animal bone remains, an analysis of the ratio of age groups within the domestic species, and features of the dismemberment of carcasses. It is shown that the herd of the Chiyalik culture population is dominated by bone remains of domestic animals, among which cattle and horses predominate. The ratio of age groups of domestic ungulates indicates the use of cattle and horses for meat and milk production. Small cattle were kept for their meat and wool. A camel was found in the village of Yabalakly-1, which could indicate caravan trade. The presence of domestic chicken remains in the materials of the Yabalakly-1 settlement could indicate a fairly dense sedentarization of the population of the Chiyalic cultural traditions, which calls into question the thesis of their semi-nomadic way of life. The role of game and fish in the diet of the settlement’s population was insignificant. Keywords: Southern Urals, Late Middle Ages, Chiyalik culture, The Golden Horde, village, archaeozoology, herd structure | 103 | |||||
| 604 | The article presents the scientific distribution and analyzes the system of geographical names of the toponymic space of the Erzya-Mordovian village of Novy Maklaush in the Klyavlinsky district of the Samara region. This toponymic system has not yet been the subject of special research, which determines the relevance of the present work. The article identifies the main features of this toponymic space as a typical toponymic system of the Klyavlinsky Mordva, its peculiarities, as well as similarities with the toponymy of other Erzya-Mordovian villages of the Samara-Volga region and neighboring regions. The work is based on materials obtained by the author during field research in the village of Novy Maklaush in October 2019. For the comparative analysis, data on the toponymy of various Erzya-Mordovian villages of the Samara-Volga region and other areas of the Mordvinian settlement obtained during our expeditions in 2015–2023 are used. As a result of our research, we have found that the toponymic space of the village of Novy Maklaush has convincing parallels in other toponymic spaces of the Klyavlinsky Mordva in terms of clusters of geographical terms, individual toponymic unit markers and their semantics. Significant similarities can also be found with the toponymic spaces of other Erzya-Mordovian groups of the Samara-Volga region and neighboring areas. There were no significant differences between the toponymic space of the Novy Maklaush and other toponymic spaces of the Erzya-Mordovians of the Klyavlinsky district. The name Uksada, which belongs to a small river, a tributary of the Sok River, can be assigned to the substrate layer of this toponymic space. However, the author of this study believes that the name Uksada also originates from the Erzya-Mordovan language, where the lexeme Ukso – elm in this meaning is still preserved in some dialects of the Erzya-Mordovan language of the Shentala district. However, in the Klyavlinsky dialect of ErzyaMordovian, the Erzya-Mordovian word itself has since been replaced by a Russian borrowing. The research presented here will interest specialists in the field of onomastics of Mordovian languages, Finno-Ugric linguistics, regional history, and amateur local historians. Keywords: toponymy, geographical lexemes, Mordva, Erzya-Mordovian language, Samara Trans-Volga region | 96 | |||||
| 605 | The relevance of this study arises from the need to examine dialectal phytonymic vocabulary from a functional-semantic point of view. The scientific novelty demonstrates the functional potential of the investigated category of the dialectal vocabulary of the Tatar language. The phytonymic vocabulary was analyzed with regard to its composition and origin, the relationship between dialectal and literary vocabulary with a close interweaving of synchronic and diachronic methods, and the functioning of the individual lexical units in the dialects and the spoken language of the Siberian Tatars. To comprehensively analyze the functioning of phytonymic vocabulary in the article, the following linguistic methods were used: The main method was the descriptive-analytical method, which includes a number of linguistic observations, systematization, generalization, interpretation, and typologization techniques. In addition, comparative-historical and comparative methods are applied. Elements of etymological analysis are also used to determine the origin of the word and rule out the possibility of misinterpretation. The systematization of the lexical units in the work is based on the biological classification of the plant world. The classification of plants according to life forms into trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants is traced. Phytonyms denoting edible plants, garden and fruit crops, cereals, vegetables, cucurbits, and fungi are emphasized separately. The origin of phytonyms is identified in the article. When analyzing the lexical units, different types of dictionaries were used, which make it possible to determine the origin and the correct interpretation of the lexemes: “Etymological Dictionary of Tatar Language” (2015), “Dictionary of Siberian-Tatar Dialects” (1992), “ArabicRussian Dictionary” (1989), “Arabic-Tatar-Russian Dictionary of Borrowings” (1993), “Tatar-Russian-Latin Dictionary of Plant Names” (2002), “Tatar-Russian Explanatory Dictionary of Phytonyms” (2020). The study’s theoretical basis is the work of linguists who deal with the linguistic peculiarities of the Siberian Tatars and the phytonymic vocabulary of the Tatar language. The analysis considers synonymy and variability within a separate lexical-thematic group from the perspective of modern division into literary and dialectal units; the features of the functioning of phytonymic vocabulary in the modern Tatar language and its dialects, especially in the dialects of the Siberian Tatars, and the use of plants in the material and spiritual culture of the Siberian Tatars are identified. As a result of the study, it is found that the composition of the dialectal phytonymic lexicon differs in its uniqueness and has its own peculiarity, which undergoes transformation and semantic changes in the course of evolution. It has been established that the phytonymic lexicon of Siberian Tatars is genetically heterogeneous: two main layers can be distinguished – the Indigenous Turkic-Tatar lexicon and borrowings (mostly of Arabic-Persian origin). It was found that the names of deciduous trees predominate in the phytonymic lexicon and that the phytonymic names denoting the taxon ‘fungi’ are the least represented among the quantitative names. Keywords: Siberian Tatars, vocabulary, phytonym, lexicography, dialect, dialect, synonymy, variability | 92 | |||||