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251

Pleshak Polina Sergeevna, Khomchenkova Irina Andreevna CODE-SWITCHING AS A CONTRASTIVE CONTEXT IN HILL MARI // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 1 (23). P. 56-68

This paper deals with the use of the marker POSS.3G with the form -žə̑ / -žə̈ / -šə̑ / -šə̈ in Hill Mari – one of the Finno-Ugric languages. This affix not only marks prototypical possessive relations (partwhole, kinship, etc.), but also has discourse functions. The discourse meanings of POSS.3SG are bound by the semantics of SELECTION FROM A SET, which brings together the use of the same marker on the levels of referential properties, topic-focus structure and global discourse structure, sometimes involving their interaction. The contexts with the marked code-switching are in the main focus of the paper. This marking fits the notion of POSS.3SG as a contrastive marker. The speaker often uses Russian words, when they fail to select corresponding Hill Mari ones. Possessive marking is met in light of so called Observer’s Paradox or “linguistic cleaning”: the speaker is conscious that the linguist is interested in their language in particular and tends to correct the speech to the detriment of the naturalness. Such metalinguistic usage of the marker of contrastiveness serves as the evidence not only of the separation of two mental lexicons of bilingual speakers, but also of the possibility of metalinguistic operations with them in some circumstances.

Keywords: discourse possessiveness, code-switching, contrastiveness, discourse marker, mental lexicon, bilingualism

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Buraev Aleksei Ignatievich ANTHROPOLOGICAL TYPES OF POPULATION IN MEDIEVAL MONGOLIA (on materials of sculpture images) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 4 (26). P. 98-108

The article discusses the sculpture materials from the Sharoon Bumbagar barrow in the Bayannuur Somon of the Bulgan aimag in Mongolia. The burial with the elements of kenotaph contained ninety wooden and ceramic anthropomorphic sculptures at present kept in the Museum of Harhorin. The author took into consideration the results achieved in the Russian and world historiography of studies in sculpture and proposes his own scheme of description and characteristics towards anthropomorphic microplastics. Presented in the paper nine ceramic figures from the Museum funds introduce to the wide scientific community the unique images of

Keywords: Turks, Central Asia, Mongolia, barrow, sculpture, microplastics, anthropology, ethnic identification

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Alexandrov O. A., Alexandrova A. A. THE LANGUAGE BIOGRAPHY OF SIBERIAN GERMANS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 1 (11). P. 9-18

The article includes some research results of the metalanguage reflection of German dialects of speakers living in Tomsk region, one of the Siberian regions of the Russian Federation. Research materials were collected through the implementation of field expeditions in rural settlements of Tomsk region, where a significant proportion of the population are Germans. The statements about the language of the informants are analyzed in this article; modeling of their experienced history of the usage of languages is carried out. The model, based on the analysis of the “subjective data”, provides a concept of relevant and irrelevant linguistic phenomena for the perception of bilingual German respondents, which allows following up the development of their language loyalty and language associations diachronically.

Keywords: German dialects in Siberia, Russian Germans, language attitude, language biography

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Dyzhitova Ekaterina Chingisovna THE LINGUISTIC ORIGIN OF TOPONIM MARGUTSEK // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 3 (13). P. 18-23

The article deals with the problem of the linguistic origin of toponim Margutsek. The lexical basis of the investigation is appellatives of Mongol and Samoedic languages. The description, etymology and thesis of the linguistic origin of the proper name Margutsek are presented as the result of comparative analysis. The analysis based on comparative and typological methods gives the possibility to suppose about diachronic area linguistic unity on the territory of Transbaikalia.

Keywords: toponyms, placename, appellative dictionary, etymology, comparative analysis, typology of unrelated languages, Samoyedic languages, Mongolian language

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Burnakov Venariy Alekseevich «SNAKE MOTIVES» IN KHAKAS FOLKLORE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2020. Issue 1 (27). P. 90-100

Folklore as a phenomenon of folk culture has always been part of the subject area of Ethnography. Ritual poetry, fairy tales, myths cannot be fully explained outside the ethnographic context. In folklore works with the help of ethnographic data can be identified archaic ideas and relics of religious and magical practices that existed in the past. In the article for the first time on the Khakas material the analytical review of the folklore plots connected with a snake is given. It is concluded that in the culture of Khakas the image of the snake was endowed with sacredness. This reptile was elevated to the rank of revered patron spirits. The image of the snake was associated with the views about time and calendar rites. It was closely connected with the cult of natural objects, in particular with the worship of mountains, water and embodied the idea of fertility. Snake, as a representative of the world of chthonic creatures, endowed with great mystical power, was included in the initiation rituals. In the considered folklore materials data on ethnic history and cultural relations of indigenous peoples of southern Siberia are revealed. The snake for some Khakas clans was perceived as a totem. By snake symbolism in folklore was submitted to the process of inter-ethnic interaction Arins with the Khakas people. In the future, due to historical reasons, including inter-ethnic interaction with other peoples, the image of the snake has undergone a significant rethinking and loss of many archaic features. In this connection, in folklore, it is already endowed with mostly negative connotation.

Keywords: Khakas, folk, world, snake, the protector-spirit, ritual

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Tuchkova Natalya Anatolyevna THE BOY WHO DEFEATED THE MAN-EATER: BASIC PLOTS WITH THE HERO ITJA IN SELKUP FOLKLORE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 4 (14). P. 135-158

This article presents an analysis of the significant body of Selkup folklore texts with the character Itja (Itcha) and his opponent – An Man-Eater (Giant). A detailed analysis has been provided for one of the identified scenes, and namely stories about a Boy (the hero) who defeated An Man-Eater. This group is the most numerous among the fixations in the Selkup language and consists of 28 texts. The analysis reveals that the bulk of the corpus is divided into three main plots, which are the basis for the entire collection of Itja-texts that are portrayed differently in the territory of residence of the Selkups.

Keywords: Selkup folklore, texts with the hero Itja, tale-types and motifs, folklore plots classification

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Rybalka I. S. MEMORY STUDIES OF MODERN UKRAINIAN NOVEL // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2015. Issue 3 (9). P. 107-112

This paper studies a modern Ukrainian novel using the approach worked out by so-called Memory studies. The use of commemoration in fiction is touched upon as well. The article presents the analyses of the novel “If” written by the famous Ukrainian novelist Iren Rozdobud'ko as a practice of the Soviet Union commemoration. The novel was chosen because of the strong and clear opposition of the Past and the Present that allows treating it as a kind of memory place. The work presented can be used as a basis for further analyses of fiction as a type of commemoration. It’s known that one of the most important types of commemoration is the use of the dates; the choice of the dates can influence much on the perception of the work. So, I. Rozdobud'ko emphases on the several events of the 1980s. They are the Olympic Games 1980 and the very beginning of the Afghanistan conflict. These historic events are presented in opposition: a happy one and a sad one. It should be underlined that the author uses no historic names and concrete dates. The other two events opposed are the cultural ones: the death of Vladimir Vysotskiy and so-called All-Union Saturday. While analyzing the work we have come to the conclusion the commemoration effect is reached by presenting the characters’ emotions and thoughts though their dialogues and the monologues of the main character Veronica. The main character, a thirty year old journalist Veronica Ivchenko found herself in 1980 when she was only seven. She perceived everything happened at the time being adult. It helps her to rethink all the events by the mind of an adult person. That leads her to the conclusion that the beginning of the Afghanistan conflict was more important for the people than the Olympic Game, the death of V. Vysotskiy shocked the society, but nobody remembered about the All-Union Saturday. We would like to note that the “entertaining material” used by I. Rozdobud'ko allowed to expose the moral degradation reasons of the modern society in the former Soviet Union countries in the early twenty-first century.

Keywords: Memory studies, “places of memory”, commemoration, the collective memory

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Oorzhak Baylak Chash-oolovna SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE IMPERATIVE OF THE 2ND PERSON SINGULAR IN THE TUVAN LANGUAGE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 1 (19). P. 49-58

The article presents the analysis of the semantic structure of the imperative of the 2nd person singular (“you”) in the Tuvan language, which is put the semantic feature at the degree of down-toning, degree of controllability, the time setting of causable action. The basis for motivation of speaker to perform an action is, maybe, in his point of view, the necessity (debitive) and the possibility of performing downtoning action put into the addressee by the speaker. Various combinations of the semantic features and the character of the relationship between the participants of the speech act and the features of social subordination determine the whole semantic structure of the imperative of the 2nd person singular. Such personal meanings of the imperative as an order, request, instruction, suggestion, permission, advice, consent and permission are formed in the article.

Keywords: imperative, 2nd person singular, causation, order, request, instruction, suggestion, permission, advice, consent, permission, the degree of down-toning, degree of controllability, the time setting, the modality meanings

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Zhamsaranova Raisa Gandybalovna ONYMS KHAMNIGAN AND SAMOYED AS ALLOETHNONYM AND ETHNONYM // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 3 (21). P. 87-96

The paper briefly presents the linguistic reasons of correlation between the onym Khamnigan as alloethnonym of people of Tungus origin among the eastern group of Buryat and the ancient ethnonym Samoyed – the name of Samoyedic tribes and peoples of medieval Siberia. Alloethnonym Khamnigan as an onym, consisting of two components, it has a final element -nigan, which is considered to originate from tribal Nikan – population of Nikan state or the state of dog-headed people Gou-Go. The root of alloethnonym Khamnigan Kham- may be correlated with the radix Sam- of the ethnonym Samoyed. In this case the historical alternation of consonants h- // s- is revealed, typical both for Samoyedic and Mongol languages. Investigation gives an opportunity to propose the identity of alloethnonym Khamnigan and ethnonym Samoyed, which originated under the influence of local contact languages – Chinese and Tungus- Man’chzhu, also observed in other local languages such as – Ket, Nenets and Buryat.

Keywords: Alloethnonym Khamnigan, Aginsk Buryat, Khori-Buryat, nikan, Nikan state, Nelyudsky (Nerchinsk) Ostrog, Gou-Go, dog-headed people, etymology, contact languages, Nerchinsky uezd, Khorinsk Steppe duma, over-log-grave burial constructions in the form of «hous

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Rudkovsky Igor Vladimirovich SYMMETRIC "COPIRIGHT" OF THE ORNAMENTAL COMPLEX OF THE BURIAL GROUND FIRSOVO-XIV, OR 1 + 1 = 1 // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2017. Issue 4 (18). P. 98-102

Unique in dimension, composition and preservation the burial ground Firsovo-XIV (Altai Krai) was studied twice by continuous excavations (1987–1996, 2010–2011). Were carry out the study referred to as symmetriometria of ornamental complexes of the bronze age from the ceramic vessels of each of these excavation periods. Despite the considerable difference between the two arrays of ornamental texts (555 borders against 216), the similarity of the forms of the symmetrogramms was close to maximum. Results of the research, on the one hand, confirmed the rule of the minimum selection, whose excess doesn't influence the statistics, but, on the other hand, the study left unresolved the problem of inexplicable stability of combinatorial order of types of symmetry in ornamental complexes of archaeological cultures. Besides, symmetric "copiright" Firsova-XIV is very unusual for a “Fyodorovsky culture” to which this complex formally belongs.

Keywords: the Bronze Age, Fyodorovsky culture, ornamental complex, symmetriometria, «copiright » of culture

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Potanina Olga S. A TYPOLOGY OF POSSESSION BASED ON THE LANGUAGES OF OB-YENISSEIC AREA // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2015. Issue 4 (10). P. 18-23

The languages of the Ob-Yenissei linguistic area: Eastern Khanty, Southern Selkup, Chulym Turkic, Teleut and Ket are all underdescribed and highly endangered idioms (the total number of speakers of Southern Selkup, Eastern Khanty and Chulym Turkic is under 20 each, while Ket speakers number under 100, and Teleut – under 1 000). The study of possession in the languages of the area has not been complete, the existing works on this topic do not cover a wide range of functions and types of possessive constructions attested in these languages. There are very few studies of possession based on the data of these languages performed within a modern typological perspective taking into consideration the most recent typological parameters for the study of possession. The new project of Tomsk Department of Siberian Indigenous Languages sposnsored by Russian Fund for Humanities aims at designing a typology of possession for the underdescribed and highly endangered languages of Western Siberia, Ob-Yenniseic river basin, in particular. The project focuses on creating a “typological portrait” of these languages: the description of a wide range of possessive constructions in structurally diverse and genetically unrelated/remotely related languages of the Ob-Yenniseic area. The research focuses on both adnominal possession and predicative possession, the study of which will be performed within a general typological perspective, grammaticalization theory, information structure theory, and will cover the pragmatic aspects of possession. Being a universal category, possession does not have universal ways of manifesting possessive relations in languages: the languages of the world demonstrate a variety of means for marking possessive relations (lexical, morphological, syntactic means). Besides formal variation, possessive constructions have various functions and meanings: ownership, part-whole, kinship, associative possession, and pragmatic functions such as definiteness/indefiniteness.

Keywords: possession typology morphosyntax types of possessive marking semantics of possession endangered languages of Ob-Yenisseic Area

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Arbachakova Ljubov Nikitovna WARRIOR SOUL AND POWER IN SHOR HEROICS EPICS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 1 (11). P. 86-93

This article on examples of Shor heroic legends explores concepts such as soul (tyn) and power (küš), which have both positive and negative characters epic. The soul understand by Shor People as eternal origin, giving the body lives and capable, separated from him, exist independently. The results of the study found that soul and power arecalled "clean" (aryġ), in relation to the heroes regardless of their role in the epic, positive or negative. In addition, it turned out that the epic power of the main epic hero is stored not just in weapons but also in armor and other items, but the power of the negative character may be in the animal (cat) or the knifeskestik. Lost alyp power and soul restored various magical ways: reception inside (grass-cow parsnip, threejoint herb, egg, water), through the return of personal items (armour, lash), committing any actions (musical trumpet- pyrġa, injection in the mouth). Preserved in the epic beliefs and views associated with the notion of soul and power, reveals that they are identical. Lost force alyp necessarily loses his soul.

Keywords: Shor people heroic epics, warrior soul and power, stollen and return of soul

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Potanina Olga S., Filchenko Andrey Yuryevich RUSSIAN CONTACT-INDUCED INNOVATIONS IN EASTERN KHANTY // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 2 (12). P. 27-39

The paper addresses the issues of contactinduced structural change in the native Siberian Eastern Khanty dialects. Contemporary data from Eastern Khanty spoken discourse demonstrate increasing frequency of examples of grammatical convergence, in which the original grammar of Eastern Khanty replicates the grammar of the socially dominant Russian. These examples fall under various structural types, including: phonological disharmonies, auxiliary verb construction strategies, wordorder alternations, complex predicate splits, analytical imperatives, analytical conditionals, relativized and finite RC strategies. It is argued that all manifest structural innovations are induced by contact with Russian in the fully bilingual environment.

Keywords: языковые контакты, переключение кодов, заимствования, грамматическая конвергенция, контактные инновации, восточные ханты, Сибирь

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Dronova Tatyana Ivanovna SPIRITUAL COMPONENT OF CULTURE OF THE FAMILY LIFE OF USTTSILEMSKY CONSERVATIVES // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 1 (19). P. 99-112

The article deals with spiritual traditions and everyday regulations of the bezpopovtsy (priestless) Old-Believers of the Ust-Tsilemsky district of the Komi Republic. At all times of the Old Belief development family was the main institute where the religious personality was formed, here the most important foundation of behavior and culture were laid. Family was accumulated folk knowledge and ensured their transmitting. The specifics of formation, preservation and evolution of the family traditions directed to education of the religious personality, unity of family and community, consolidation of ethnokofessional group in general are defined. The most important symbols of the Old-Believers culture – books, icons and the attitude of members of household towards them are in detail described and analyzed. Special attention is paid for a role and value of ethnic traditions in family life.

Keywords: Russian conservatives, Ust-Tsilma, traditions, custom, book, family, icons, prayers

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Arbachakova Ljubov Nikitovna, Kuz’mina E.. N.. THE POETIC OF TEXTS OF SHOR SHAMAN RITUAL // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 2 (20). P. 75-79

The article uses examples of the shamanic texts of Shor people to analyze artistic-visual approaches as well as archaic and shamanic vocabulary. We also compare the shamanic texts to heroic legends. The language of shamans is full of allegories, similes, and epithets. A characteristic artistic feature of the shamanic texts is the abundance of additional items that do not have any semantic value but perform constructive functions that support the rhythm. Throughout the shamanistic ritual (kamlanie), all the texts are accompanied by interjections. The shamanic texts also contain borrowed Russian words associated with household items, such as kitchenware, from which the surrounding spirits partake. The borrowed Russian words found in the heroic legends indicate the degradation of the epic tradition and disappearance of this genre. The stylistic expressiveness of the kamlanie ritual is enhanced through the usage of paired words. An important role in the poetics of shamanism belongs both to simple epithets that consist of a single definitive word and expanded ones that include two or three words. As a rule, the epithets found in the ritual (kamlanie) are related to the sacred otherworld: "magic doors" – arba jezhik; "rusty grips of the land" – tapty tudalyғ jezhigiӊ. Along with geographic objects (mountains, rivers, villages, towns) and real animals, the shamanic texts include the names of mythical characters and places. The main shamanic characters (a deity – Ülgen; a domestic thirty-headed Mother Fire – odus pashtyғ ot Enezi, helper spirits, mythical animals, etc.), as well as mythological objects and animals in the ritual (kamlanie) are characterized by numbers, colors, etc. The artistic language of shamans awaits its researchers.

Keywords: Shor shamans, mythological characters, spirits-helpers, poetics, epithets, Russism

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Borodovskiy A.. P.. POLYCULTURALISM OF THE EARLY IRON AGE IN THE FOREST STEPPE OB REGION ACCORDING TO THE BYSTROVKA NECROPOLIS MATERIALS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 3 (13). P. 94-102

The phenomenon of polyculturalism according to the archeological data is represented with a different degree of authenticity at several levels (burial, planographic, subject-related, ritual). In the Early Iron Age, on the territory of the forest steppe of Ob Region, interaction of the population of various origins is most vividly illustrated by multi-grave burial mounds of the Bystrovka necropolis (Bystrovka- 1, 2, 3) dated from no later than the last quarter of 1000 BC with the help of radiocarbon (year-ring) methods. The well-dated tombs from large Upper Ob necropolises, which were used for a considerable time in the Early Iron Age, provide important information for the historical reconstruction of various archaeological cultures. The total number of buried individuals, who lived in this area over the last quarter of the 1st millennium BC, is sufficient for a reliable representation of cultural interrelations that took place during the terminal period of the Early Iron Age in the forest-steppe Ob Basin.

Keywords: Early Iron Age, forest steppe Ob Region, polyculturalism, scientific dating methods

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Minchenko Tatyana Petrovna ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΊΑ AND ΑΓΆΠΗ AS ANTHROPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK CULTURE: FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE CONTEMPORARY LIFE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 4 (14). P. 87-96

Paper is devoted to investigation of peculiarities of ελευθερία and αγάπη concepts in Greek culture at different times: in ancient Greek culture, Byzantine culture, the culture of the Renaissance, and modern culture. The statement that these characteristics are the essential features of the understanding of the human being in Greek culture, which had a significant impact on the development of the Greek ethnos, is substantiated. On the basis of ancient Greek thinkers’ texts, the Bible and contemporary sources the formation and development of the idea of freedom as the essential characteristics of the Hellenes, and the transformation of the content and the semantic difference ἀγάπη compared with other Greek concept that refers to other manifestations of love (ερως, φιλια, στοργη etc) are demonstrated. At each of these stages, the essential relationship between freedom and love, and their inseparability from the human being and opposition to death is observed.

Keywords: ελευθερία-freedom, αγάπη-love, ancient Greek culture, Byzantine culture, the culture of the Renaissance, modern culture

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Baulo Arkadij Viktorovich FIELD TRIP TO TAZ SELKUPS: FIELDNOTES OF 1979 // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2017. Issue 1 (15). P. 124-135

The field notes result from the field project to the Northern Selkup (Taz) communities in Krasnoselkup region of Tyumen oblast in the summer of 1979. The project team of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Science of USSR lead by G. I. Pelikh collected data in the villages of Krasnoselkup and Tol'ka, visiting a set of local camps along the rivers Taz and Khudoseja. The field notes shed light onto the aspects of traditional economy, material and spiritual culture of Selkus: settlement patterns, land use, rules of hunting and fishing, burial rituals, inheritance, family life, court of local lord, types of punishment and other. The notes also include a set of fairytales.

Keywords: Selkup, settlement, traditional economy, family, rituals, heritage

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Nikolaev Vasilii Vladimirovich ANTHROPONYMY OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE FOOTHILLS OF NORTHERN ALTAI (IN THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 4 (22). P. 71-85

This article is devoted to transition the foothills of Northern Altai indigenous people (Kumandins, Tubalars, Chelkans) from traditional to new “Russian” anthroponymical model during XIX – the beginning of the XX centuries. This research is based on archival materials. The appearance of the surnames of the indigenous people is associated with the administrative and fiscal tasks of the state. Initially, the family structure corresponded to the social structure to a large extent. Later, the transformation of the anthroponomical model was caused by interethnic contacts, the activities of the Altai spiritual mission and migration indigenous people. This process began at the beginning of the XIX century and different groups of indigenous people passed to new anthroponymical model with different degree of intensity. Kumandy were in longer ethnocultural contacts with the Russians and before the rest of the indigenous people began to join the new "Russian" anthroponymic model. The wide range of anthroponyms was initially formed. Later, the number of surnames was reduced. Fixing the surnames among the indigenous people contributed to the prestige of the Russian and the desire to fully comply with them. At the beginning of the XX century most indigenous people adopted the “Russian” anthroponymy and formed a clear set of surnames.

Keywords: anthroponymy, surname, census of 1917 year, indigenous people, Kumandins, Tubalars, Chelkans

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Skryabina Nina Pavlovna, Pechetova Natalya Yuryevna, Nikaeva Tatyana Mikhailovna, Tarabykina Marfa Vasilievna LOCAL ANTHROPONYMIC SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF BILINGUALISM // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 1 (23). P. 165-175

The study is dedicated to the formation of the anthroponymic system of Russian language in the territory of Yakutia in the 17th–18th centuries, its status in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It presents the results of analysis of the development of local anthroponymic system in the conditions of bilingual community. Popular male names of the 17th–18th centuries in the territory of Yakut Land, are determined through the continuous sampling and statistical methods, to be consequently compared to the most frequent male names of the city of Yakutsk in the late 20th century. Also, a sociolinguistic survey is undertaken to forecast the most popular names for the upcoming decades of the 21st century to illustrate the dynamics in personal names used in Yakutia. It is concluded that the 17th century’s onomasticon was mainly formed by the calendar Christian names, which had gradually superseded Yakut native names of the indigenous population in the official documents. The anthroponymic system of Yakutia did not undergo any major transformation in the 17th–20th centuries: calendar Christian names, forming the basis of the all-Russian onomasticon, were preferred for naming Russian and Yakut male population. The peculiarity of the anthroponymic system of Yakutia in the late 20th and early 21st centuries is in a largescale implementation of Yakut native names, where the almost forgotten ethnic names returned to widespread use, with the preference for Yakut spelling of the names.

Keywords: anthroponymic system, anthroponym, Christian names, non-calendar names, name formulas, male names, Yakut national names

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Senko Elena Viktorovna THE FUNCTIONAL DYNAMISM OF THE MODERN OSSETIAN VOCABULARY // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 4 (26). P. 39-47

The article deals with lexical processes that indicate the activation of the Ossetian vocabulary. The purpose of the article is to describe the functional dynamism of the lexical system of the modern Ossetian literary language. In the aspect of comparison with the vocabulary of modern Russian literary language. The work showed that functional shifts in the Ossetian language are manifested in the interaction of two different vectors of modern language dynamics: on the one hand, globalization, on the other hand, regionalization. The material of these observations reveals the features of modern Ossetian and Russian lexical dynamics. Russian language policy in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, along with the active influence of the Russian language on the Ossetian language, causes the emergence of a parallel, Ossetian-Russian, line of language contacts. This fact is objectively dictated by the very nature of the latter: it is well known that any long-term ethnic contact cannot be unilateral.

Keywords: functional dynamism, Ossetian language, minority language, language liberalization, language democratization, language contact, globalization, regionalization

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Belikova O.. B.. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF A TOMSK ARCHAEOLOGIST: DEDICATED TO THE ANNIVERSARY OF LYUDMILA M. PLETNYOVA // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 3 (13). P. 77-84

The publication is dedicated to the biography of Professor and Doctor of History L. M. Pletneva, Russian archaeologist, and her contribution to archaeological studies of Siberia. Her research interests are focused on the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages of the Tomsk Ob Region (the south of Western Siberia). Over forty field seasons (1963–2005), Lyudmila Pletneva accumulated a strong source base and used these data for creating the original concept – the cultural and historical development of the region for the whole Iron Age. In particular, based on archaeological data of the Middle Ages, she identified the migration of Turkic groups to the Tomsk Ob Region, to the areas populated by the local (Samoyedic) peoples. The publication highlights some social activities of L. M. Pletneva: she contributed to developing the archaeological education of Tomsk school children in the 1970s.

Keywords: archaeologist L. M. Pletneva, Western Siberia, Tomsk Ob Region, field studies, the Early Iron Age, the Middle Ages, biography of a scientist

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Ishkildina Linara Kamilovna ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS WITH THE ANLAUT «Š» IN THE BASHKIR LANGUAGE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 4 (22). P. 31-38

In this article, we are conducting a study on the origin of the Anlаut phoneme [š] in the Turkic languages using the example of one of the Kypchak languages, viz. the Bashkir language. In the Turkic languages, the problem of the existence of lexemes with the initial phoneme [š] is very relevant. The Altaicists do not reconstruct it to the pre-Turkic state. Presence of the grapheme š in the Turkic runic monuments is also controversial. However, our research shows that onomatopoeia with the initial [š] and their derivatives are widely spread in the Turkic languages, and they show analogies. This phenomenon can speak of the existence of a sizzling phoneme in the ancient Turkic state before the dissolution of the Turkic language community, at least in imitative words. In the Bashkir language in independent parts of speech, the initial phoneme [w] is a phonetic innovation of the transition of the Proto-Turkic *s > š. The [š] Anlaut in the Bashkir language can also be the result of the spirantization of the praTurk affricate *č-. Most of the lexemes are ancient borrowings even in the period of the existence of the Bashkir language in the ancient Turkic community (Mongolisms, ancient Indian borrowings), and later – at the stage of independent existence in the Ural-Volga region (Bulgarisms, Finno-Ugric borrowings, etc.).

Keywords: Bashkir language, Turkic, assimilation, borrowings, Anlaut "š", spirantization

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Kobenko Yuriy Viktorovich, Kostomarov Petr Ivanovich TO THE QUESTION OF THE INVOLUTION OF THE GERMAN SPOKEN FORMS OF THE RUSSIAN GERMANS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 1 (19). P. 76-83

The description of the processes of language death is one of the most important problems in the study of endangered languages. This article highlights the current state of research on language death in Russia and abroad. The analysis of the dynamics of disintegration of small language forms in places of compact residence of German immigrants is of particular interest. On the basis of primary data, the paper proposes diagnosis of the processes of language death of the second type (involution) based on the example of the decay of German spoken forms used by the representatives of Russian Germans in the Tomsk region.

Keywords: involution, language death, Russian Germans, German spoken forms, Russian-German bilingualism, enlarged intra-extralinguistic approach

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Polyakova Natalya Vladimirovna THE EXPRESSION OF POSSESSION IN THE DIALECTS OF SELKUP // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2015. Issue 4 (10). P. 51-54

The paper presents a brief overview of the semasiological and onomasiological approaches to the study of possession in Russian and Western linguistic tradition. The paper discusses morphological, syntactic and morphosyntactic ways of expressing possession in the dialects of Selkup and covers various semantic types of possessive constructions. The Selkup dialects mark the distinction between alienable and inalienable possession.

Keywords: possession, Selkup, possessive constructions, possessive suffixes, alienable/inalienable possession

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Kotorova Elizaveta Georgievna, Nefedov Andrey Viktorovich THE PROBLEM OF PRESENTING ETHNOCULTURAL REALIA IN A MINORITY LANGUAGE DICTIONARY (THE CASE OF KET) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 3 (13). P. 24-32

Describing culture-specific vocabulary is an important and at the same time rather challenging part of lexicographic work. In particular, this concerns making dictionaries of minority languages that are considered to be endangered. As a rule, these languages are understudied and not sufficiently documented, which complicates presentation of ethnocultural realia to a greater extent. One of such languages is Ket, an endangered language spoken by a small number of people residing in the north of Krasnoyarsk province. The present article describes the main problems related to presenting ethnocultural material that were encountered in the course of making the Comprehensive Ket dictionary. Among them are 1) cultural differences in categorization of extralinguistic reality, 2) presentation of ethnocultural c information in a dictionary entry, 3) loss of ethnocultural knowledge in the language community.

Keywords: Ket, minority languages, endangered languages, Siberian languages, lexicography, ethnocultural vocabulary, dictionary

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Urmanchieva Anna Yuryevna THE SIMILARITY OF NARRATIVE STRATEGIES IN NGANASAN AND MIDDLE TAZ SELKUP (some possible correlations of linguistics and ethnography) // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 1 (19). P. 59-68

The paper describes folklore narrative strategies of Nganasan and the northernmost dialect of Selkup. These idioms both exhibit two narrative strategies based on the discourse use of indirect evidentials (Inferential and Reportative). Thus they differ from the rest of Samoyedic idioms which lack the distinction between these two indirect evidentials and thus lack formal means of differentiating the two narrative strategies. The paper discusses possible correlation of the narrative strategies with different folklore genres. It is argued, that one of the narrative strategies in question arose due to a peculiar Samoyedic folclore narrative technique. The paper discusses also some possible correlation of linguistic data with the cultural anthropology of the Nganasans and the Selkups.

Keywords: Middle Taz Selkup, Nganasan, narrative strategies, indirect evidentials, folklore, ethnography, cultural anthropology

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Azizbaev Saitdin Seiitbekovich HISTORICAL INFORMATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF KYRGYZ TRADITIONAL GAMES AND COMPETITIONS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2020. Issue 2 (28). P. 97-105

Traditional games and competitions of the Kyrgyz people have developed since immemorial time. Among the means of the national system of physical education were heroic competitions, traditional games, outdoor games, intellectual games, entertainment and exercises. Their history, features and status are reflected upon in this article. These games and competitions held a special place in the life of the nomadic Kyrgyz people. They helped the upbringing of children and youth, entertained the audience, carried out military-physical education and served to uphold people's health. In the oral folklore of the Kyrgyz people - epics, historical traditions, genealogy (sanzhyra), fairy tales, the heroic deeds were glorified, and numerous scenes of fights are described. As a rule, heroes-warriors were endowed with great physical strength, spiritual beauty and bravery. Researchers of the traditional games and competitions of the Yenisei Kyrgyz people paid particular attention to the fact that in the Middle Ages, the Kyrgyz people and neighboring peoples cultivated complex multi-athletic sports competitions. Similar integrated sports competitions are traditionally held in subsequent years, for example, integrated sports competitions in national sports and folk games, starting from 1949; All-Union competitions in equestrian sports of collective farmers, members of state farms and stud farms since 1958; international competitions in national sports in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the "Manas" epic, 3000th anniversary of Osh city, 500th anniversary of the hero Kurmanbek, World Nomad Games. The creation of the Center for Development of National Sports (2012), later renamed into the Directorate for Development of National Sports, was very important for further development of national sports and folk games. Over the past five years, the Directorate has done a lot of work to improve its activities and conduct sports competitions. Over time, and especially during the period of sovereignty, traditional games and competitions gained rapid development and international status. They are now an invaluable gift, inherited from wise ancestors and are important in organizing the most interesting competitions in the form of the World Nomad Games. They began to be held periodically every two years on the shores of the sacred Issyk- Kul Lake and they had a brilliant prospect.

Keywords: traditional games and competitions, historical information on the development of physical education

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Kryukova Elena Aleksandrovna, Nefedov Andrey Viktorovich POSSESSIVE RELATIONS IN KET: PROTOTYPICAL CONSTRUCTIONS AND PERIPHERAL CASES // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2017. Issue 4 (18). P. 42-55

The present article focuses on the description and analysis of means used to express possessive relations in Ket belonging to different levels of language structure (prosodic, morhosyntactic and lexical). The article surveys both adnominal and predicative possessive constructions in the language distinguishing between prototypical possessive strategies (possessive clitics in adnominal constructions, nonverbal possessive predicates in locational constructions) and peripheral means of coding possession (complex words and specific verbs of possession). Adnominal possessive constructions in Ket can be divided into constructions with an explicit possessor (it can either be a noun or a pronoun) and constructions with an implicit one. If a possessor is nonreferential, it is possible to use compounding which yields a complex word as a result. Predicative possessive constructions in the language distinguish between nonverbal locational constructions and constructions with specific verbs of possession. In the first case, a possessor is marked with the Adessive case marker, while the nonverbal possessive predicate (possessum) requires the presence of a copula. The nonpast tense copula is often omitted. In the second case, a possessum gets incorporated into a finite possessive verb. There is a clear dominating preference for using locational constructions to express possessive relations over the verbal ones in the language, which is the reason why there are no constructions of the latter type found in our text corpus. In addition, the analysis shows that various discourse-related factors may play an important role in choosing a particular possessive strategy in Ket. For instance, the use of a particular adnominal possessive construction seems to be connected with the possessor’s degree of activation in the preceding discourse: the more it is activated, the greater the probability of using an implicit possessor construction.

Keywords: possession, possessive predicates, referentiality, information structure, Ket, endangered Siberian languages

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Sleptsov Evgeniy Petrovich, Egorova Aida Iyunyevna URUNG AIYY TOYON AS A KEY MALE IMAGE OF PATRIARCHAL YAKUTS MYTHOLOGY // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2020. Issue 2 (28). P. 141-148

The article considers the development of social attitudes including gender imperatives in Yakut mythology and epic. The analysis of the role of the character of Urung Aiyy Toyon in the formation of the patriarchal organization of the Yakut society is carried out. The character of Urung Aiyy Toyon was a patron of the new social order and a tool for supplanting the matrilineal community cult and its leading character the mistress of the Earth. The work highlights the stages of the historical development of the character of Urung Aiyy Toyon, associated with structural changes in the Yakut society during the process of transition from matrilineality to patrilineality, as well as the ideological function of this cult. The character of Urung Aiyy Toyon acted as a bearer of typical features of the social group of toyons, and myths about him turned out to be an active element of the structures of domination in the Yakut society. The cult of Urung Aiyy Toyon was formed and maintained as an ideological rationale for the power of the toyons, heads of individual patronymias. It was necessary in order to bring and strengthen the idea of a patriarchal organization in Yakut mythology. The character of Urung Aiyy Toyon is self-sufficient and does not need magical qualities and heroic deeds. For creators and consumers of mythology its social status as the head of the agnationalcommunitythe was most important. In the myth and the heroic epic of Olonkho, Urung Aiyy Toyon reinforces the patriarchal genealogy. In the cult of Urung Aiyy Toyon, the idea of male dominance is vividly represented and the tendencies that lead to the formation of a gender hierarchy in Yakut society are manifested. The mythology of Urung Aiyy Toyon was the rationale for the system of agnatic kinship, sanctifying the norms of customary law, reinforcing male dominance and women's subordinate position. The myth of Urung Aiyy Toyon appears as an active element of the structures of domination in Yakut society, which functioned as a tool for consolidating gender inequality and establishing the power of the Yakut toyons.

Keywords: Yakuts, mythology, epos, olonkho, male images, female images, patriarchy, Urung Aiyy Toyon

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Shagapova Gulkai Rakhim’yanovna ABOUT THE GENERAL STAGES OF ETHNOGENESIS BASED ON GAMING CULTURE OF THE PEOPLES OF VOLGA AND URAL REGIONS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 4 (22). P. 105-116

The article contains the comparative analysis of gaming motives of the Russian, Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian and Karelian people and the as Bashkir, Tatar and Khanty ethnos. The consideration is based on the game "Bear-grandma" and the children's rhymes. The game "Bear-grandma" shows the commonality of the plot and the game songs in the Udmurt, Komi, Khanty, Bashkir and is evidence of a common substrate, rooted in the culture of Western Siberian Ugric peoples of the first Millennium A.D., who lived in the middle and upper reaches of the Ob river; recorded versions of a similar game in Mari and Russian explained ethno-cultural contacts. The comparison of the materials of children's readers allows us to conclude that they are genetically related, demonstrating the calculation of the text. It is hypothesized that "children's zaum" brought to us the oldest words of prayer and conspiracy, preserved at the beginning and end of the text. These materials allow us to assert that the game folklore and gaming culture widespread in the borders of specific areal.

Keywords: rhymes, gaming culture, semantics, ritual, ethno-cultural contacts of the peoples of Volga and Ural regions

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Berezkin Yuri Evgenievich TRAVELLING HEROINE AND HER SIBLINGS: AN UNNOTICED SIBERIAN TALE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 3 (21). P. 67-75

After analyzing S. Thompson’s views on the study of folklore (Siberian and Central Asian data and historical problematic ignored) and presenting results of statistical processing of data on distribution of folklore motifs in Eurasia, the author describes a previously unnoticed tale widespread across Siberia from Lower Amur to Western Siberia with weak parallels among European Finno-Ugric peoples. The protagonist is a travelling girl who competes successfully with her rival, often a frog-woman. In the beginning the heroine parts with her brother(s) or sister who later appear again to help her. This motif is absent in the New World and could spread across Siberia only in the Holocene. Most of the other motifs found in correspondent tales have extensive parallels in North and some of them even in South America. Many of such episodes are absent, however, across the Northeastern Asia and Northwestern North America and had to be brought to the New World at a rather early stage of its peopling. This set of motifs is absent among the Turkic and Mongolian people.

Keywords: Siberian folklore, Finno-Ugric folklore, big data on folklore, Stith Thompson’s views on folklore, peopling of America

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Ojnotkinova Nadezhda Romanovna THEONYMS YEZIM AND YAZHYLKHAN IN THE SHAMAN MYTHOLOGY OF THE ALTAIANS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 2 (24). P. 158-168

The article is the first to give an ethno-linguistic analysis of the theonyms Yezim and Yazhylkan) in the shamanic mythology of the Altaians, taking into account their origin, historical and ethnographic context and cultural semantics. The research material is shamanic texts, written at the beginning of the twentieth century in various dialectal groups of Altaians. In the internal form of these theonyms lies the motivating word jеs / jas ‘copper, copper’ (Yezim – lit. ‘My copper’; Jazhylkan – lit. ‘Copper Khan’). This suggests that the origin of these theonyms is associated with the mythologization of copper and the deification of the mountains. The mythologization of metals and the appearance on the basis of this folklore images is characteristic of archaic cultures. The Altai shamans called Yezim a mountain, as well as the host spirit of this mountain, which they considered their patron saint (aru töc). Altai shamans believed that this copper mountain is located in the very center of the earth, where there is a copper poplar connecting all three worlds – upper, middle and lower. The shaman reaches the mountain peak of Yezim, overcoming seven obstacles. From the deity of Yezim, the shamans received a shamanic gift, spirit helpers, and attributes. The motivating word jеs / jas ‘copper, copper’, which lies in the inner form of the theonym Yazhylkan (Chalkan variant – Tjazhyn), makes it possible to compare this deity with the thunder-god, the patron of blacksmithing in Buryat mythology, Yashil-Sagaan-Tengri. Both Buryats and Chalkans attributed these deities to the category of gods (tengri, tegriler). Altaians was made for this deity an image of a white hare's skin and put it in a yurt.

Keywords: ethnolinguistics, mythology, shamanism among the Altaians, shamanic text, theonym, mythonim, mythotoponim, personification, copper in the mythology of the Turks

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Kostogryzov Pavel Igorevich COMMUNITY JUSTICE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 3 (25). P. 94-103

The term "community justice" encompasses a variety of institutions for conflict resolution and regulation of social behavior according to the norms prescribed by communities. This phenomenon is almost as old as the human society itself – it probably arose during the transition from the tribal community to the neighbor and had been existing until the formation of the nation-state in the Modern Age, and in many countries of the "third world" it is still existing nowadays. Notwithstanding this fact, the topic of community justice remains poorly studied in legal anthropology, especially in Russia. The main purpose of the article is to formulate basic provisions of the concept of community justice based on historical and ethnographic data. The author proposes a definition of the notion of "community justice", identifies the prerequisites for the emergence and preservation of this phenomenon. Further, he defines the basic elements of community justice, that is, sustainable social and mental structures that constitute institutional basis of the phenomenon, as well as the principles that determine its basic characteristics and features of functioning. In the final part of the article some controversial issues are discussed, such as the legal nature of community justice and its institutional structure. The arguments are presented in favor and against the position that community justice has a different legal nature than the state (dualism of the judicial power).

Keywords: justice, community, community justice, legal pluralism, customary law, community law, legal anthropology

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Diachkovskiy Fedor Nikolaevich, Popova Natalia Innokentievna, Tazranova Alena Robertovna, Trofimova Svetlana Menkenovna, Shirobokova Natalia Nikolaevna COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FOOD VOCABULARY (DAIRY) IN TURKIC LANGUAGES OF SIBERIA // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2021. Issue 1 (31). P. 9-20

It is well known that among special lexical nominations dominate so called folk terms referred to as words or word combinations instrumental for nominating ideas of a certain professional field. Based on the traditional diet of Turkic peoples of Siberia, we conduct a comparative-historical, etymological, contrastive analysis of dairy names which are a crucial element of the material culture of peoples inhabiting vast taiga areas of Siberia and Russian Far East. It has been found that dialect vocabulary still has a notable impact on literary languages of the Altai, the Tuva, the Khakass, and the Yakut as evidenced by the fact that folk terms of traditional material culture enter their vocabulary, especially those from folklore, epic texts published by speakers of local dialects of Siberian languages. Diary names are not uniform in terms of their origin. They show a significant number of Mongolic, Tungusic, and Chinese elements along with Turkic roots. Dairy names include vocabulary resulting from formation and development of dialects. The given group of words in Turkic languages of Siberia reflects historical contacts with both related and non-related peoples.

Keywords: Turkic languages of Siberia, vocabulary, comparative method, dairy, semasiology

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Faizullina Guzel Chahvarovna, Ermakova Elena Nikolaevna WORD-FORMATION POTENTIAL OF PROPER NAME AND ITS REALIZATION IN THE RUSSIAN AND TATAR LANGUAGES // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 4 (26). P. 67-77

The article considers derivational possibilities of anthroponymy of Russian and Tatar languages. Names person (personal names, middle names, surnames, nicknames) are part of the lexical system of the language, and therefore appear, are formed and developed in accordance with the common language laws. In the future, these names become a derivation base for the emergence of new anthroponyms and from the antroponimnykh of toponyms… Analysis comparison of similar and unique names of the person and their derivatives, ways and means word creation in different languages allow you to determine the features mentality, identify enter-ethnic contacts. The results of the interaction and mutual influence of different Nations and peoples. Material for observation based on data from sensible and etymological dictionaries of different languages, dictionaries Russian and Tatar names, names. As illustrative material presented archival documents stored in the GUTO «State archive in Tobolsk»; field material that was collected during the dialectological expeditions in rural settlements of the Tyumen regions (2014–2018). Despite the fact that the secondary names are considered in multi-system languages, observations on the material allow you to make conclusions on the existence of universal concepts and General cultural values: due to cultural and historical ties, later formation Tatar surnames passed on those word- formation models, which have developed in the Russian language, and with the help of the same formants; Russian language, from one motivating basis (own name ) can to form the derivatives two and further the names in both languages the derivation base is not only the names, and their qualitative; widely common phonetic variants of the names. Often difficult, and sometimes it is almost impossible to determine the origin of the names of different peoples because of their phonetic harmony. Derived units themselves become the basis for the emergence of tumors – the phenomenon affected not only the surname of different peoples, but also atastrophic names. For the analysis of onomasticon presented in the article, we used descriptive method: observation, generalization and classification of the material. In semantic reconstruction the etymological method was used analysis taking into account phonetic and word-formative aspects. Identity lexical derivation processes formations the onomasticon dissimilar languages is due to community territory. On which they live in close cooperation Russians and Tatars.

Keywords: anthroponym, toponym, motivating the base, derivation base, derivational connections, word-formation, Tobolsk guberniya

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Badmaev Andrey Andreevich IMAGE AND SYMBOLISM OF THE WOLF IN THE WORLDVIEW AND RITUAL OF THE BURYATS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2021. Issue 2 (32). P. 93-101

In modern times, the spiritual heritage of the peoples of Russia, including their traditional picture of the world, is an object of public and scientific interest. In this context, it is important to reconstruct popular views about the animal world. The purpose of the work is to identify the meaning of the wolf in the mythological judgments of the Buryats and the inclusion of this wild animal in their rituals. Various ethnographic, folklore, and linguistic materials were used as sources for the research. The paper uses the structural-semiotic method as the main one. The analysis shows that the Buryats have formed an ambiguous image of the wolf, characterized by ambivalent connotations. The special role of color symbolism is revealed in the ideas about this animal. The wolf had a heavenly (white wolf) and male symbolism. A positive connotation was also expressed in the recognition of the apotropaic function of his skin. The sacredness of his image is indicated by the custom observed by hunters of removing the skin from the killed predator with the head and some internal organs. The negative characteristic of the wolf was associated with the fact that this beast was perceived as a mediator between worlds. He was identified with trouble. It was believed that it has a demonic nature, serves as a transport for evil spirits. The chthonic origin of the predator was indicated by its relationship with the raven. The wolf also carried the symbolism of aggression and was associated with a military cult. In this context, we should consider its association with weapons and the idea of werewolves. It was found out that in the shamanic rites of the Buryats, the wolf had a sacred status, which was manifested in the poetry and attributes of the shaman (in ritual clothing, in the use of a wolf fetish). It is determined that the Buryat folk beliefs about the wolf find parallels in the traditional worldview of other peoples, which indicates universal and typological phenomena in the Buryat mythological fauna.

Keywords: the Buryats, the traditional world, the wild fauna, the image of the wolf, folklore, and ritual

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Kosovets Vladimir Ivanovich, Volkov Vladimir Gennadievich, Solovenko Igor Sergeevich TELEUT ALLOGENEOUS VOLOST (UPRAVA) OF THE TOMSK DISTRICT IN 18TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: TERRITORIAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND RELIGIOUS CHANGES // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2021. Issue 1 (31). P. 188-205

The problem of the formation and development of the Teleut foreign volost (government) of the Tomsk district, where Kalmaks lived, is still poorly understood. The consequence of which were repeated errors and inaccuracies in the interpretation of the territorial, demographic and religious processes related to this sub-ethnic group. In a number of works by modern Siberian ethnographers and historians, there are inaccuracies that sometimes distort the historical picture of the formation of settlements of the Teleut volost, their connection with demographic and religious processes. The source base of the study was archival documents, statistical materials, items from the personal collection of Yurga local historians, as well as the results of a genetic study of Kalmaks of various faiths. The methodological basis of the work is the civilizational approach and the dualistic theory of the ethnos of Y. Bromley, which are based on theoretical and empirical research methods. This article makes a significant adjustment to the definition of the boundaries of the first settlements of “outgoing Teleuts” (Kalmaks) and their descendants, the time of foundation and localization of settlements. The first settlement of Kalmaks was Konstantinovskie (Teleutskie) Yurts on the right bank of the Tom. The article analyzes demographic and religious changes. The process of conversion to Islam and Orthodoxy of Kalmaks took place in the middle of the 18th century. It is shown that the formation of the Teleut volost in the 60s of the 18th century is associated with the general process of creating new allogeneous volosts from groups of Service Tatars. The conclusion is made that despite serious religious differentiation and partial assimilation of Kalmaks, their number increased. The article concludes that the time of existence of the Teleut allogeneous volost (uprava) of the Tomsk district is the period of completion of the ethnogenesis of Kalmaks. Late 19th — early 20th centuries characterized by an even greater rapprochement between the Muslim-Kalmaks and the Tomsk Tatars and the beginning of the stage of the formation of the cultural homogeneity of the community of Muslim Tatars in the Tomsk Ob region. Since the end of the existence of its own administrative-territorial unit, the question of preserving the Kalmaks as a separate subethnos has become aggravated.

Keywords: Tomsk, Tomsk uezd, Teleut volost, «outgoing Teleuts», Kalmaks, Siberian Tatars, ethnogenesis

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Sumbatova Nina Romanovna PERSONAL DEIXIS IN THE REPORTED SPEECH: THE CASE OF TANTI DARGWA // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 3 (25). P. 72-81

As shown in a number of recent publications (see, in particular, (Aikhenvald, 2011ab), (Nikitina, 2012), (Evans, 2013)), the binary opposition of direct vs. indirect speech is not applicable to many languages of the world. In particular, in the reported speech constructions of many languages, part of deictic elements is chosen from the perspective of the current interlocutors, whereas other elements are oriented towards the reported interlocutors. This paper discusses personal deixis in the reported speech constructions of Tanti – a dialect of Dargwa (East Caucasian). A remarkable part of these constructions shows “mixed” properties: the verb form is chosen as if it were direct speech, while the pronouns reflect the current communicative situation. As a result, we observe constructions where the verb “disagrees” with the NP that is expected to control agreement (lit. ‘Johni said hei am ill’). I tried to show that in the reported speech, all elements of personal deixis within the verb (person, direct/inverse, etc.) are synchronically chosen from one of the two possible points of view (current interlocutors vs. reported interlocutors). At far as pronouns are concerned, the speaker is free to choose his point of view and not take into account neither the form of the verb nor the person of other pronouns. This violates the well-known ‘Switch Together constraint’ (Anand and Nevins, 2004: 24). In this paper, I explained these phenomena by the “referential” nature of agreement in Dargwa: when choosing an agreement marker, the speaker of Dargwa normally focuses on the properties of the referent of the controlling NP (not on the formal properties of the head noun). At the same time, since “disagreement” and other properties of reported speech are common for several Nakh-Dagestanian languages, we need to look for a more general and more theoretically oriented approach.

Keywords: Dargwa, Dargi, Nakh-Dagestanian languages, East Caucasian languages, reported speech, direct speech, indirect speech, personal agreement, gender agreement, semantic agreement

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Khanina Olga Vladimirovna, Shluinsky Andrey Boleslavovich FUTURE REFERENCE FORMS IN ENETS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 1 (23). P. 83-96

The paper deals with the system of future reference forms in both Enets dialects: Future and Debitive attested both in Forest Enets and Tundra Enets, Hypothetical attested only in Forest Enest and Analytical Debitive attested only in Tundra Enets. The paper provides brief information on morphological structure of these forms, numerical data on their frequency in texts and a comparison of the contexts where these forms are used. Debitive expresses modal meanings of deontic and epistemic obligation and epistemic possibility. Forest Enets Hypothetical is used for weak intentional future and for weak epistemic possibility. Tundra Enets Analytical Debitive is limited by contexts of weak epistemic possibility. The most frequent Future form is used for sure predictive future and sure intentional future, but also is attested in modal contexts mentioned above. This can be summarized as a privative opposition between the Future form that has an unrestricted general future meaning and modal forms that are used for more particular modal meanings. This feature of the Enets verbal system contrasts it with a known cross-linguistic distinction of future certainty vs. future possibility and therefore Enets data are of interest for linguistic typology.

Keywords: Enets, Samoyedic, future, modality, verbal forms competition

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Belyaev Oleg Igorevich THE POSITION OF SHIRI AND AMUZGI AMONG DARGWA VARIETIES // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 2 (24). P. 20-38

The Dargwa varieties spoken by inhabitants of the villages Shiri and Amuzgi (Dakhadaev district, Daghestan) have never before been the subject of a separate study. In general works on Dargwa dialectology these idioms are either never mentioned or described as subdialects (Rus. govor) of Kubachi or Sirhwa. However, the data I have collected during fieldwork in the villages of Shiri and Amuzgi in 2012–2018 гг. clearly show that these dialects should be considered to form a separate branch of the Dargwa group (either as a separate language or as a dialect group, depending on whether Dargwa is treated as a language or a subfamily), lexicostatistically positioned approximately in the middle between Kubachi and Sanzhi. Amuzgi, however, when treated separately, shows significantly more similarity to Kubachi than Shiri. In this paper, I describe, for the first time, the main linguistic features of Shiri and Amuzgi; based on lexical, phonetic and morphological features I demonstrate that the similarities of Shiri and, especially Amuzgi with Kubachi are the result of secondary contact influence. This is an interesting case for the typology of language contact, showing that a dialect continuum situation may arise even between languages that have diverged at a considerable time depth.

Keywords: Dargwa, East Caucasian languages, dialectology, phonology, morphology, language contact

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292

Mymrina Dina Fedorovna, Shitts Olga Aleksandrovna THE UDMURTS OF TOMSK OBLAST: ETHNO-CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC SITUATION AT THE START OF THE XXI CENTURY // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 3 (25). P. 42-50

The article, which is the first in the series on the topic, presents the results of the expeditions undertaken in 2016 to the Udmurts of Western Siberia. Based on the data collected, trends in the development of the ethno-cultural and linguistic situation in the region (Chainskiy district of Tomsk oblast) have been revealed, the current state of the national Udmurt culture and language have been described. The Udmurts, who migrated to the region following the Stolypin reform in 1910–1912, retained their ethnic identity for long, despite having few or no contacts with the main ethnic group in Udmurtia. The data obtained indicate that the use of the Udmurt language is decreasing: children, adolescents, young people (under the age of 40) do not speak Udmurt and do not know their ‘native’ culture. However, the efforts of both the local administration and enthusiastic residents have been reviving interest in the native language and culture among the population of the Udmurt settlements in Siberia.

Keywords: The Udmurts, Tomsk oblast, culture, language, expedition materials

1216
293

Sokolova Zoya Petrovna THE WORKS OF VLADIMIR NIKOLAEVICH BASILOV // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2014. Issue 1 (3). P. 140-145

1215
294

Khabizhanova Gulnara Bolatovna TO THE HISTORY OF KAZAKH TRIBES FORMATION OF BAIULY UNION // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2020. Issue 3 (29). P. 161-169

This article discusses the ethnohistorical prerequisites for the formation of some Kazakh tribes belonging to the trial structure of Kazakhstan nomadic population, to the union Bayuli Younger Zhuzes of Kazakhstan. The reconstruction of the historical stages of the formation of the Kazakh tribes is carried out by identifying possible ethno-political contacts that existed at the time, according to written sources and representative materials of oral historiology, between the early medieval populations residing in the territory of western Kazakhstan steppe. The Turkic-speaking tribes settled here represented the Oguz ethnic community (bayats, yazirs, salors, avshars, etc.), which played an important role in the formation of the ethnic core of the consequently formed tribes of the Kazakh Younger zhuz. Historical events of the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD contributed to the emergence of close contacts of Oguz with Kypchaks, which was reflected in the genealogical legends on the origin of the Bayuli generation of Kazakh tribes. The study of these plots is consistent with theoretical approaches based on the well-known concept of the Dakho-Massaget origin of some tribes of the Younger Zhuz, as well as the connecting role of the Oghuz ethnic component in the formation of the Kypchak confederation of tribes in western Kazakhstan.

Keywords: tribal organization of the Kazakhs, Junior zhuz, generation of Bayuly, Oguz, Bersh, Aday, Isyk, Alasha

1210
295

Pletneva Lyudmila Mikhailovna, Stepanova Nadezhda Fedorovna RESULTS OF THE TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CERAMICS FROM SHELOMOK II SETTLEMENT // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 3 (21). P. 107-117

Raw materials and molding compounds of ceramics from Shelomok II settlement have been studied. The paper presents the results of this study, and compares the findings of the technical and technological analysis and studies of ornaments. It has been established that soft clays (mainly non-ferruginous and, much less often, ferruginous clays) were used in ceramic production. Addition of gruss has been identified as the main cultural tradition in using mineral admixtures. A mixture of traditions in using mineral admixtures (gruss + chamotte) has been revealed. When comparing the findings of the technical and technological analysis with ceramic ornaments, the authors have identified Group 1B: Pearls with Separation as representing the greatest mixture of skills in preparation of molding compounds. The rest of groups represent an approximately equal mixture of cultural traditions, which is not as significant as in Group 1B. The study of adaptive skills and ornaments shows an influx of new population and their contacts with local tribes.

Keywords: Shelomok culture, settlement, technical and technological analysis, molding compound, raw materials, ornament

1209
296

Dampilova Lyudmila Sanzhiboevna THEONYM 'KHAIRKHAN' IN TURKIC-MONGLOLIAN MYTHOLOGY // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2020. Issue 2 (28). P. 118-126

In Turkic-Mongolian mythology the most common appealing to the deity during ceremonial actions (veneration of celestial beings, spirits of ancestors, spirits of mountains and fire) is the word khairkhan / kairakan. The article is devoted to the meanings of this word in Turkic and Mongolian rite acts, revealing of their differences depending on traditions, rite action, language features in the diachronic aspect. The analysis of the theonym khayrkhan / kairakan of Mongolian peoples in comparison with Siberian Turks of the Sayan-Altay area from the point of view of preservation and transformation of the code word in the rite tradition seems relevant. The author aims to identify from a semiotic point of view the meaning of the theohym khairkhan, and its connotations, fixed in tradition. The etymology of the word khairkhan in the Mongolian and Turkic languages of the Sayan-Altay area has been considered. The mythological semantics of this word have been studied on material of the rite texts of Mongolian and Turkic peoples. The main denotations, such as the supreme deity, the guardian spirit (spirits of mountains, fire, ongon-spirits), and totem (bear, snake) were revealed. Depending on the cultural experience of the people, the denotation of theonym changes in different language environments, rite tradition and time continuum. It is assumed that strict observance of ritual, prescribed behavior, transmission of formula expressions without changes contributed to preservation of this word as a key word in the memory of the collective. Its mythological background with ancient sacred roots sounds as echo in ritual action. It is established that khairkhan / kairakan is one of the oldest symbols of the deity in the Turk- Mongolian tradition. If one considers the theonym without going beyond the sustainable cultural context, in Turk-Mongolian mythology it is used in its basic denotative meaning as giving mercy. The author concludes that theonym khairkhan / kayrakan, while maintaining its archetypal mythological meaning, is a steady code word in the Turk-Mongolian rite tradition.

Keywords: tradition, mythology, ceremony, worship, deity, spirit, fire, mountain

1208
297

Adaev Vladimir Nikolaevich, Galeeva N. F. THE OCCURRENCE OF "NON-EXISTENT" TURKO-UGRIC CONTACTS: COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE TATARS OF THE MIDDLE IRTYSH REGION AND THE KHANTY OF THE TURTAS AND DEMYANKA RIVERS IN THE 18TH – 20TH CENTURIES // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2018. Issue 4 (22). P. 60-70

The article presents an overall picture of the direct contact between the Kurdak-Sargat Tatars and their northern neighbors – the Khanty of the Turtas and Demyanka rivers in a historical retrospective. The Tatar and the Khanty groups have conducted mutual visits for several centuries. The northern areas have been mainly of hunting and gathering interests to the Siberian Tatars, and the Khanty trips to the villages of the Middle Irtysh river aimed at trade and exchange, labor relations and the maintenance of social ties. The issue of these Turko-Ugric relations has not been discussed in ethnography prior to this. The authors have revealed the stages, supporting factors, connecting routes, places, forms and the circle of direct participants of the interaction. The research results have led to the hypothesis of the successive nature of the Tatar hunting rights in the Demyanka river area, inherited from the group of Middle Irtysh Khanty assimilated by them earlier. It is also assumed that between the second half of the 18th and early 19th century, the Khanty of the Yugan river, who came from the north, forced the Kurdak-Sargat Tatars into the periphery of the Demyanka hunting grounds after an open conflict. Traces of the previous history, among other things, are reflected in the local toponymy and folklore of both ethnic groups.

Keywords: Kurdak-Sargat Tatars, indigenous peoples of the North, communication routes, watershed territories, interethnic interactions

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298

Adaev Vladimir Nikolaevich THE EFFECT OF THE «INVISIBILITY» OF WESTERN EVENKS IN OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS OF THE 19TH-20TH CENTURIES: CAUSES, SUPPORTING AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2016. Issue 4 (14). P. 97-107

The article analyzes the phenomenon of a long absence from state control of some Evenk groups although their whereabouts was de facto not unknown to local authorities. A group of Evenks with the family name Likhachev was chosen as an example for the study, they migrated from the Podkamennaya Tunguska-river basin through the Vasyugan-river valley to the Lower Irtysh-river area in the last decades of the 19th century. The situation with the extreme lack of official documents confirming the Evenk presence was all the same in all three above mentioned territories which they inhabited. The author considers that the lack of mentionings of the taiga dwellers in documents was due to the actions of three parties: those who did not want to be under the control (the Evenks themselves); those who were satisfied with such a situation (most officials and a large proportion of Christian clergy); and those who actively supported it (some local officials and merchants).

Keywords: migration, Northern natives, nomads, state control, Podkamennaya Tunguska-river, Vasyugan-river valley, Demyanka-river, Turtas-river

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Dzitstsoyti Yuri Albertovich TOPONYMY AS SOURCE OF ETHNIC HISTORY: OSSETIAN SÆNA / RUSSIAN SONI // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2020. Issue 3 (29). P. 102-114

In the present article on the basis of the etymological analysis of the Ossetian and Georgian toponymy of the Darial gorge is an attempt of reconstruction of the ethnic history of the region. Particular attention is paid to the name of the mountain Kazbek — Sæna, coinciding with the name of the population of the Daryal gorge, living at the foot of this mountain. Also discusses possible connections with the group of words of the ethnonym sanars (tsanars), presented in antique and in medieval Arabic and Persian sources. According to the author, the basis of these and other place names of Ossetia is the ancient Iranian verbal stem *san- ‘to rise’, not preserved in the Ossetian language in free use. One of the derivatives of this stem is the toponym Sænæg (name of the river), which has an exact match in the Avestian language — sanaka- ‘mouth of the river’.

Keywords: toponymy of Ossetia, mount Kazbek, ethnonym Sanar, history of language, ethnic history, Ossetian language, Georgian language

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Kyzlasova Inga Lyudovikovna VERBAL ANALYTICAL FORMS WITH THE MODIFIER -TUR "STAND" IN THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE // Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology. 2019. Issue 2 (24). P. 64-73

In Khakass language verbal analytical form -ip tur – denotes regular iterative piecemeal actions. The lexical components in these analytical forms are multiple unbounded verbs of action, activity and temporal state. In the zero form –ip tur is usually used in speech and denotes regular repetition of actions in the window of the actual observed present time. In metaphorical use, when past events are described as in now-situation, form –ip- tur performs the function of the so-called present historical. Attaching to different forms of the verb (time, mood, participle, adverbial participle, infinitive), in the narrative with the participation of the form -ip tur – is used in utterances behalf of the author and expresses the value of regular iteravity. In the imperative form ip tur means the advise to postpone the action until a certain period. There are two forms and two situations of negation with the verb tur (-bin tur and -ip turbas-) with the value of private and public denial of iterative design.

Keywords: Khakass language, verbs of position, verbal analytical forms, aspectuality, iteravity, grammaticalization of the verb to stand

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