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| 601 | This article presents preliminary generalized results of a study of osteological material from the villages of the Chiyalik culture of the Golden Horde period. The study of late medieval settlements will make it possible to determine the biodiversity of this region’s fauna and correctly assess the role of agriculture, animal husbandry, and hunting in the economy of the medieval population. The study of animal remains from monuments of the XIIIXVIII centuries is one of the most promising areas of archaeozoology. One of the most frequent finds in settlements is animal bones. However, the obligatory detailed archaeozoological analysis of bone remains has been carried out only recently, which has already made it possible to obtain initial but important and diverse information that complements the general understanding of the economic activities of the Golden Horde of the VolgaKama population. The proposed work summarizes materials from 12 villages of the Chiyalik culture, which are used: Gornovo, Yabalakly-1, 2 and 3, Podymalovo-1, New Yabalakly 1 and 2, Nizhnekhozyatovo-2 and 3, Mellyatamak VI, Chiyalik, Igimskaya site. The monuments are located in the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals, in the river basin. Belaya and its large tributaries Dema, Ik, etc. The article contains features of animal bone remains, an analysis of the ratio of age groups within the domestic species, and features of the dismemberment of carcasses. It is shown that the herd of the Chiyalik culture population is dominated by bone remains of domestic animals, among which cattle and horses predominate. The ratio of age groups of domestic ungulates indicates the use of cattle and horses for meat and milk production. Small cattle were kept for their meat and wool. A camel was found in the village of Yabalakly-1, which could indicate caravan trade. The presence of domestic chicken remains in the materials of the Yabalakly-1 settlement could indicate a fairly dense sedentarization of the population of the Chiyalic cultural traditions, which calls into question the thesis of their semi-nomadic way of life. The role of game and fish in the diet of the settlement’s population was insignificant. Keywords: Southern Urals, Late Middle Ages, Chiyalik culture, The Golden Horde, village, archaeozoology, herd structure | 26 | |||||
| 602 | The article presents the scientific distribution and analyzes the system of geographical names of the toponymic space of the Erzya-Mordovian village of Novy Maklaush in the Klyavlinsky district of the Samara region. This toponymic system has not yet been the subject of special research, which determines the relevance of the present work. The article identifies the main features of this toponymic space as a typical toponymic system of the Klyavlinsky Mordva, its peculiarities, as well as similarities with the toponymy of other Erzya-Mordovian villages of the Samara-Volga region and neighboring regions. The work is based on materials obtained by the author during field research in the village of Novy Maklaush in October 2019. For the comparative analysis, data on the toponymy of various Erzya-Mordovian villages of the Samara-Volga region and other areas of the Mordvinian settlement obtained during our expeditions in 2015–2023 are used. As a result of our research, we have found that the toponymic space of the village of Novy Maklaush has convincing parallels in other toponymic spaces of the Klyavlinsky Mordva in terms of clusters of geographical terms, individual toponymic unit markers and their semantics. Significant similarities can also be found with the toponymic spaces of other Erzya-Mordovian groups of the Samara-Volga region and neighboring areas. There were no significant differences between the toponymic space of the Novy Maklaush and other toponymic spaces of the Erzya-Mordovians of the Klyavlinsky district. The name Uksada, which belongs to a small river, a tributary of the Sok River, can be assigned to the substrate layer of this toponymic space. However, the author of this study believes that the name Uksada also originates from the Erzya-Mordovan language, where the lexeme Ukso – elm in this meaning is still preserved in some dialects of the Erzya-Mordovan language of the Shentala district. However, in the Klyavlinsky dialect of ErzyaMordovian, the Erzya-Mordovian word itself has since been replaced by a Russian borrowing. The research presented here will interest specialists in the field of onomastics of Mordovian languages, Finno-Ugric linguistics, regional history, and amateur local historians. Keywords: toponymy, geographical lexemes, Mordva, Erzya-Mordovian language, Samara Trans-Volga region | 25 | |||||
| 603 | In traditional Yakut culture, hunting has always occupied an important place in the subsistence system. This complex process was surrounded by a series of sacred practices and representations preserved in a somewhat modified form in modern Yakutia. Hunting is still a very popular seasonal activity in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and is practiced even in urban areas. Today, it is accompanied by modern technical means and methods and is shrouded in a series of bureaucratic procedures. However, the ritual remains an unchanging element of this process. The whole algorithm of hunting is linked to a series of conventions, beliefs, and rituals that seem anachronistic in modern reality. Nevertheless, the ritual still plays an important role in hunting, as it is a binding rule and a criterion for the success of the hunt. In this context, it is interesting to examine the preservation of traditions in modern society: How and why do they coexist in the reality of the XXI century, and on what principle are such stable artifacts of traditionality based? The relevance of this topic arises from the rapid modernization processes that many indigenous ethnic groups of the Russian North have undergone. They were decisive for the formation of some mechanisms of resistance to these processes and the emergence of ‘zones’ in which ethnicity was condensed and concentrated. Hunting is an example of such a zone in modern Yakut culture. This study examines hunting from the perspective of anthropological discourse, analyzes its functional role in social processes related to globalization and traditionalization, and considers hunting folklore as a means of expressing public messages, using both published and field ethnographic material. Finally, the authors conclude that in highly traditional societies, the ‘anchors’ of ethnic culture are those areas of traditional life associated with the categories of ‘fear’ and ideas about the mystical. Thus, hunting is seen as a socio-cultural phenomenon that preserves traditions because traditional ideas about interaction with nature and closeness to the irrational are preserved in this area. Keywords: Yakutia, modern hunting, hunting folklore, modern folklore, horror stories, traditionalism | 25 | |||||
| 604 | This article deals with evaluative polypredicative constructions that focus on the evaluation of an event or action in the Khakass language. Many issues related to the description of polypredicative constructions in the language under consideration have not yet been adequately addressed, which determines the relevance of this study. The article aims to identify and describe the structure and semantics of evaluative polypredicative constructions in the Khakass language. A solid selection of examples from works of fiction and folklore texts in the Khakass language served as research material. As a result of the research carried out, the author concludes that in Khakass, as in other Turkic languages, the relationship between the dependent and the predicative head unit in evaluative polypredicative constructions is synthetic (morphological indicators). The predicate of the dependent part is in the participial form, namely in the form of the present tense on =chatkhan/=chetken (the negative form is =binchathan/=binchetken), =igan/=igen (has only a positive aspect) and the past tense on =gan/=gen, =khan/=ken, =an/=en (negative form – =bagan /=begen) with obligatory registration with possessive affixes (more frequently the third person singular). The predicate of the main predicative unit is represented by the predicates universal (chakhsy ‘good’/ homai ‘bad’), deductive (ile ‘clear, distinct’), reliable (son ‘truth’, half ‘lie’), emotive (ӧrinistig ‘joyful’, hayhastyg ‘amazing’), ethical (uyadystyg ‘ashamed’), physical (sidik ‘difficult’, ooi ‘easy’), psychological (ooi ‘easy’, ooi nimes ‘not easy’), normative (orta ‘right’, saba ‘wrong’), utilitarian (ace ‘benefit’), expressive (khorgystyg ‘frightening’), quantitative (as ‘little’, kӧp ‘much)’ and modal (chakhsy kirek ‘good deed’) ratings. Other words and combinations also function as main predicates: combinations of words (ony la nimes ‘very strong’), stable combinations (pu chir nimes ‘very strong, big etc.’). The subject of a dependent predicative unit is expressed lexically and has the nominative and the genitive form and can also be expressed only by personal indicators. Keywords: Khakass language, syntax, polypredicative construction, evaluation, evaluative construction, dependent predicative unit, main predicative unit | 24 | |||||
| 605 | This article deals with the etymology of the most common verbs in the Mari (meadow) language. Since there are no ready-made lists of this kind in scientific and pedagogical sources, it was necessary to compile one. This task was accomplished with the help of corpora data. The list of the 100 most frequent verb stems in Mari was compiled based on the most extensive online corpus of the standard Mari language – “Mari Meadow Texts” on the Korp platform in two versions: 1) the full corpus (57.38 million tokens) and 2) its two sub-corpora – fiction and non-fiction (7.1 million tokens). These lists are 90% similar. The etymologies of Mari verbs were compiled according to the best etymological dictionaries by K. Rédei, G. Bereczki, and M. Räsänen. For the 100 most frequent verbs, the ratio of indigenous Finno-Ugric vocabulary to loanwords from Chuvash, Tatar, and Russian was determined. The vocabulary of Uralic and Finno-Ugric origin make up the largest share – from 56–59% (for roots and stems) to 69–70% (for tokens). Original Mari words and words with unclear etymology – 14–22%, loanwords from Turkic languages – 15–22%. There are more Chuvash borrowings than Tatar. Among the loanwords from Turkic, mental verbs predominate, indicating the Turkic world’s significant cultural and humanitarian influence on the Finno-Ugrics (Mari). Among the 100 most frequent verbs in the Mari language, there is only one verb of Russian origin - šotlaš ‘to count.’ However, it is possible that this word entered the Mari language via Chuvash, as Chuvash has šutla ‘to count.’ This study’s results confirm that verbs in a language are more resistant to borrowing than nouns. The compiled top 100 most frequent Mari verbs can be used for linguistic research and teaching and learning the Mari language. Keywords: verbs, frequency, frequency dictionary, corpora studies, Mari language, Finno-Ugric languages, Turkic languages, loanwords, semantics of borrowings, etymology, Ural-Volga region | 23 | |||||