| # | Article | Downloads | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 501 | The article analyzes the orographic appellatives of high relief on the material of Yakut oronymy in a comparative aspect with Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus languages. The author examines their semantics and distribution. In addition, their role in the formation of oronyms is determined. The research material comes mainly from bilingual, lexicographic, etymological, dialectological, and toponymic dictionaries and linguistic works containing information on orographic appellatives. The study also used material collected by the author during the field expeditions conducted in the central regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) since 2020. The article aims to identify the orographic appellatives of the high relief in Yakut oronymy and to describe them comparatively historically. Nowadays, such a specific layer of the Yakut toponymic vocabulary as oronymy is considered endangered for a number of sociolinguistic and socioeconomic reasons and needs collection, systematization, study, and preservation in linguistic databases. The result of the descriptive method shows that the orographic appellatives occurring in Yakut oronymy reflect the physical and geographical features of the terrain in which they function. The statistical method has shown that high relief appellatives account for about 27% of all Yakut oronyms. The most active in forming oronyms are the appellatives haya ‘mountain, rock’ (20%), bulgunniakh ‘pingo’ (19%), taas ‘rock, mountain’ (7%), tumul ‘cape’ (7%). The word formation structure of most of the Yakut oronyms with appellatives of high relief is represented by two-word attributive constructions and is formed according to models such as “noun + noun” and “adjective + noun”. The comparative historical method has shown that the orographic appellatives of high relief in Yakut oronymy are represented by Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungusic, as well as common Altaic word stems. The etymological analysis of the appellatives denoting different forms of relief allows us to deepen and broaden the study of the genetic relationship of the Altai languages and the ways of their historical development. Some appellatives of high relief are in the stage of their formation, and others are well established and exist in many Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus languages. Keywords: Yakut language, oronymy, oronyms, orographic appellatives, high relief | 1658 | |||||
| 502 | The aim of the paper is to analyze the complementizer distribution in Urmi, a North Eastern Neo-Aramaic variety, as spoken nowadays in the village of Urmiya, Krasnodar Krai (Russia). The families of Urmi speakers mostly come from Iran, Armenia and Georgia, so the system of complement-marking in their varieties is compared to the patterns of the respective regional Urmi varieties, reported in the literature. The Urmi varieties in Urmiya display a variation in complementizer marking that is not directly accounted for by the initial dialectal division. Urmiya varieties also display some innovations. For instance, semantic contrasts in complements of perception verbs can be expressed by interrogative manner words: this pattern, even though typologically expectable, has so far been unattested in Urmi. The distribution of complementizers in the subjunctive has a functional basis, at least in elicited data: different-subject constructions tend to be more frequently introduced by a complementizer than same-subject constructions. I show that several of the innovations can be accounted for, or at least favoured by contact influence. The contact influence of Russian on complementation manifests as instances of both matter- and pattern-borrowing, but does not go deeper than complementizer marking and, probably, word order permutations. Thus, the distribution of complementizers in the Urmi of Urmiya is different from the distributions reported in the literature for Urmi of other regions, which reflects the fact that complement-marking is more prone to contact influence and innovations than deeper layers of syntax and morphology. Keywords: complementation, complementizer, language contact, functional typology, pattern-borrowing, grammaticalization, North Eastern Neo-Aramaic, Urmi | 1657 | |||||
| 503 | The article was written against the need to determine the real meaning of the content of young people's linguistic attitudes in a changing reality to assess their readiness for modern challenges and threats. The results of the sociolinguistic analysis of the factors determining ethnolinguistic identity of young people from Sakha are presented in comparison with the total population of respondents from Sakha living in the city of Yakutsk, as well as with the linguistic attitudes of students (Chechens, Avars, Lezgins, Dargins, Tuvans, Buryats, Tatars) studying at the universities of Grozny, Kazan, Makhachkala, Kyzyl, Ulan-Ude. The main indicators of ethnolinguistic identity based on linguistic self-identification and linguistic competence show relative stability, while the latter is characterized by gradual spread of conversational skills. In accordance with W. Lambert's three-component model of attitudes, the affective component is the most pronounced in the structure of linguistic attitudes of the Sakha youth; the cognitive component is characterized by lability; the conative (behavioral) component is insufficiently developed due to the influence of a variety of external factors. However, the Sakha youth show solidarity with the ethnic community in preserving their mother tongue, recognize its value, and note that institutional development of the Sakha language in education is inadequate. A preliminary analysis of a survey of students in the Russian Federation revealed a high degree of integration of the concepts of "mastery of the mother tongue" and "patriotism"; however, the view of their (ethnic) mother tongue through the prism of personal attitudes is ambivalent. At the same time, the intention is expressed to use the mother tongues as often as possible in the future. The conditions of active contact bilingualism in the regions of the Russian Federation, and the variety of ambiguous extra-linguistic factors realize the purposeful activity of the ethnic community in the formation of patriotic consciousness of young people based on their mother tongue. Keywords: Yakut language, native languages, mother tongue, youth, linguistic competence, linguistic selfidentification, ethnolinguistic identity, patriotism | 1648 | |||||
| 504 | The article deals with the problem of the linguistic and cultural description of the conceptosphere of the Evenkilanguage, which is relevant for research in modern Tungus studies. The conceptualization of the hunter in thelinguistic picture of the Evenki is investigated. Hunting, which is an aboriginal occupation of the Tungus, playeda key role in the formation of their linguistic picture of the world. The concept “Beyū mekit/hunting” has a clearlystructured system: 1) the subject of hunting (hunter); 2) the objects of hunting: hoofed and furred animals; 3) prey(meat, animal skin); 4) means and methods of hunting; 5) place of hunting; 6) road used for hunting; 7) huntingseason; 8) animal traces; 9) dog – helper of hunter; 10) spirit – master of hunting. Being a basic element withinthe concept “Beyū mekit/hunting”, the conceptualization of the hunter is characterized by the following conceptualfeatures: 1) a man; 2) hunting (hoofed and furred animals); 3) with bow or gun; 4) for the purpose of food andacquisition of hides for clothing. As a component of the concept “Beyū mekit/hunting” the mental formation“Beyū ktemni/hunter” contains conceptual, figurative and value components. These elements are investigated withthe usage of lexicographic material and recordings of authentic texts from native speakers. The Evenki hunteris a recognizable image of the representatives of the Tungus culture, and he is the culture of his ethnos. Thecombination of lexical units denoting the hunter characterizes not only figurative, but also conceptual and valueattributes of the concept in question. The presence of root bases denoting hunting and found in all the Tungus-Manchzhurian languages testifies to its primordiality among the Tungus. Keywords: language picture of the world, concept, Evenki language, hunting, hunter | 1645 | |||||
| 505 | The article describes the results of the author's trip to Selkup Porg - the image of the spirit on the tree, located on the fishing grounds on the river. Sailing, the right tributary of the middle Taz. The results of the trip include the scientific fixation of the monument and the ritual of feeding the spirit, as well as a number of conclusions drawn from the analysis of the collected material. The most important discovery of the study was the identification of a female spirit carved in a porg with the main Selkup deity, the Old Woman Ilyntyl Kota, described in detail in the works of E.D. Prokofieva, after which the Porg received a detailed characterization and a visualization of the divine Old Woman in a sculptural image. Moreover, the Porg of the Parusovs is her only verified image to date. The trip to the Porg confirmed that the belief in spirits and their magical power is still alive among the Selkups. However, changes were noted in relation to this spirit. Since the Old Woman depicted on the Porg is the mistress of all the Earth, all people living on Earth can look at her, make offerings to her, and ask her for protection and help, according to the Guardian. In the Selkup tradition, there was no such broad interpretation of the group of people who have access to the Porg, so this phenomenon is due to an innovation. The study has revealed the fact, still unknown to science, that the burial of the house spirits of three Selkup clans under a Porg tree provides a probable explanation. Keywords: Selkups, traditional worldview, images of spirits on a tree, the ritual of feeding spirits, transformations of traditional culture, innovations | 1645 | |||||
| 506 | The article examines the nominations of three minor, closely related Baltic-Finnic languages that have long been in contact with one another and are widespread in Ingria, the historical part of the Leningrad region. Both synchronic and historical names are described, their origin is traced, and the causes of certain names being replaced by others or existing simultaneously with other names are given.The models of transformation and drift of ethnic group and their languages are investigated. Historical sources, dictionaries that contain various synchronic sections, texts previously recorded by researchers of these languages, and the author's own data obtained during her fieldwork with native speakers of these idioms are examined. In addition to language nominations, the article pays attention to the toponyms of Ingermanlandia. All the villages there have two names: one is used when speaking the indigenous language, the other is used when speaking Russian. The relations of Baltic-Finnish and Russian toponyms are classified. The conclusion is made that the coexistence of parallel toponyms – in the indigenous and Russian languages – demonstrates the preservation of ethnic identity, despite the impeding conditions. Small languages, due to the inevitable contacts with neighbors, provide extensive material for the study of the processes of change and drift of the names of ethnic groups and their languages, allowing to trace the typology of such changes. Keywords: minority languages, ethnonyms, linguonyms, toponyms, the Votic language, the Ingrian language, language of Ingrian Finns | 1640 | |||||
| 507 | The article is devoted to the stylistic peculiarities of presenting information about one of the North-ern peoples in the first printed article about them, published in 1732 in the popular scientific academic magazine “Notes to the Saint-Petersburg Vedomosti” (republication [Malyshev, 2014]) and intended to acquaint the audience (mostly in St. Petersburg and Moscow) with the way of Samoyed's life. The article was prepared by its author on the basis of Nicolaes Witsen’s book “Noord en Oost Tartarye” (Amsterdam, 1692), but the defining role is precisely given to the stylistic manner of the recounted book presentation. The materials take four releases (16 pages, parts XXVIII–XXXI). In the article, the speech representation of Samoyeds is done doubly: “from the outside” and “from within”. First, the article is built according to the general scheme realizing typical steps of the ethnographic informing communicative scenario: 1) Contribution of the key nomination and etymological information about it; 2) Contribution of the nationality origin and structure; 3) Story about relationship with colonists of the Russian North; 4) Description of religion and its status in Samoyed’s life. Secondly, in the end of the article the reader can see a part of language which Samoyeds speak: some examples of keywords in Archangelsk Samoyed dialect (71 words and 16 short everyday phrases) are given, the translations of “Lord’s Prayer” prayer into three dialects of the Samoyed language (in Archangelsk, Turukhansk and Tafsk) and the counting from one to ten on the same dialects are shown. The article “About the Samoyeds” not only told the Russian readers about the “strange foreign” people, but also acquainted these people and the territory they lived on with other people and lands as a part of the Russian state. In this article, the tonality as a key factor plays a special role in forming the reader’s general perception of the Russian North nation’s original culture and formed the positive perception of Samoyeds as common people which are living subsistence economy, kept streaks of primitive culture, but at the same time goodhearted, partly naive and friendly. Keywords: historical stylistics, speech representation, ethnic identity, speech assimilation, Samoyeds, popular scientific journalism, journalism of the 18th century | 1630 | |||||
| 508 | About 1.5 thousand forest Nenets live in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug–Yugra (KhMAO-Yugra). This ethnic group includes smaller local groups with their own dialect and traditions. As they have mixed with the neighboring Khanty, who outnumber them and with whom they now have much in common culturally, they have retained their ethnic self-consciousness and parts of their worldview. In March 2023, the author traveled to the village of Numto, located on the shores of the lake of the same name - one of the most revered sacred sites of the indigenous peoples of Yugra and Yamal and the area where there is close interethnic interaction between the Forest-Nenets and the Kazym-Khanty. The collected data testify to the active existence of folk traditions in this area and provide an opportunity to observe their changes, especially in the sacred sphere, which has a relatively conservative character. The folkloric materials are based on various legends about the origin of this “heavenly, divine” lake and its sacred island. The mobility of the folkloristic representations is due to the variable character of folk art. The author’s field notes and those already recorded by other researchers were used for the study, making it possible to trace the variability of the legends about Numto. Interesting is the sequence of transformations from the second half of the 20th century to the present day, the folk tale about the sacrifice of young men on the sacred island, which testifies to the smoothing of interethnic contradictions between the intermarried groups: the Numtov-Nenets and the Kazym-Khanty. Their cultural rapprochement was also facilitated by the cult of the Kazym goddess, whom both groups worship. In the Numto area, the sacrificial ritual plays an important role, performed by the locals and representatives of other Nenets and Khanty ethnic groups who come to pray at the local shrines. At present, the ban on visiting the sacred island has been somewhat relaxed and even lifted for Nenets and Khanty women who are related to the Nenets. The reason for this is that they have been assigned one of the tasks when butchering a sacrificial deer. Among the Kazym-Khanty, the taboo on visiting the sacred island, which used to apply to everyone regardless of gender, has also lost its force. In the cultural symbiosis between the Khanty and the Nenets under consideration here, the changes in the traditions of the Nenets are the most conspicuous, while they are more hidden in the culture of the Kazym-Khanty. Keywords: Forest Nenets, Kazym-Khanty, interethnic relations between Khanty and Nenets, changes in traditions, folklore stories about Numto, sacrificial rites at sacred sites | 1628 | |||||
| 509 | The article deals with prohibitions in Chuvash burial and memorial rituals and the factors of their mutability in the process of transformation. The study aims to analyze the prohibitions in the context of their study as a mechanism of regulating people's behavior at funerals and commemorations and the nature of changes in the prohibitions in modern conditions. The task of the study is to examine the prohibitions that occur in Chuvash funeral and memorial rituals through the prism of such key concepts as time, space, ritual actions, the composition of participants, objects, offerings, and the stability and variability of the prohibition system under the influence of globalization and cultural modernization. The work is based mainly on the authors' original field material collected between 1994 and 2022 in various Chuvash settlement areas in the Ural-Volga region. The methodological basis of the study is understanding the prohibition system as an integral part of the socio-normative culture that regulates human behavior in daily and ritual life. As a result of the study, it was found that the subject of prohibition norms in this area can be any area of the economic, daily, and ritual life of a person, whether the time, place of action, ritual attributes, composition of participants, clothing, food, offerings, behavior. Recently, the prohibitions in this area have changed significantly regarding safety and functionality. Under the influence of the sociocultural changes of the XX – early XXI century, the scope of prohibitions has significantly decreased, and a significant part of them is no longer considered binding. This is due to the fact that in modern reality, the boundaries between the profane and the sacred have become blurred, the economic and domestic way of life, employment, and the rhythm of people's lives have changed, families have been atomized, and the transmission of cultural traditions between generations is no longer guaranteed. As a result, many prohibitions no longer play a role in people's minds. In general, the changes noted are part of the general process of transformation of ethnic culture in the context of globalization and modernization of culture Keywords: Volga-Ural region, Chuvash, customs and rites related to the death of a person, prohibitions | 1627 | |||||
| 510 | The article is focused on the transmission of native languages to the next generation among the population of the Mountainous-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, Tajikistan. The article is based on data collected during field research in Tajikistan and Russia, using observational methods and interviews, in particular focus groups. It also draws on monitoring of social media in the Pamir languages and on publications addressing the mother tongues and linguacultural identity of the Pamir ethnic groups. Particular attention is given to the areas where language contacts are especially active. First, the steadily shrinking fragmented zones of distribution of various minority Pamir languages (Wakhan, Ishkashim) mixed with the Tajik language; here, fragmentation of the population in the contact zones is aggravated by socio-cultural practices and intensified by specific marriage patterns, whereby men marry women from neighbouring villages speaking languages other than their own. Another area where language contact and linguistic shift are most apparent concerns members of these ethnic groups who undertake internal or external migration. The analysis of linguistic situations is based on Edwards’ typological model employing a set of sociolinguistic and demographic factors which affect the viability of a language group. We examine the ways in which mother tongues are transmitted to the next generation among members of these ethnic groups in conditions of compact residence; we consider their specific bilingual model, when the native language turns to be a father’s language. We also trace multilingual models in the context of increasing translocal and transnational migration, with its variety of approaches. It has been established how family life support strategies, such as the type of settlement and marriage patterns or the choice of a certain type of migration, influence the transfer of language skills to children, as well as the choice and preference of languages by parents, and later by children themselves. Among our outcomes, we reveal the types of bilingualism of certain groups (passive/early bilingualism, multilingualism), the reasons for this bilingualism and the specific means of its maintenance (such as settlement and marriage patterns). We reveal a recent development whereby a neutral attitude towards native (Pamir) languages has given way, among the younger generation, to linguistic activism, the promotion of these languages in the digital space and the creation of educational products on them. Keywords: Pamir languages, Shughnani, Wakhi, Ishkashimi, Tajik, Western Pamir, Mountainous-Badakhshan Autonomous Region | 1621 | |||||
| 511 | Based on the modern Khakass language material, this article describes the accepted structural-semantic types of bipredicative structures with the semantics of conditions. Many issues related to the description of complex sentences in the Khakass language have not yet been adequately addressed, which determines the relevance of this study. The article aims to identify and describe the structural and semantic types of conditional bipredicative constructions in the modern Khakass language. A solid selection of examples from works of fiction and folklore texts in the Khakass language served as research material. As a result of the conducted research, the author concludes that three models of bipredicative constructions with a dependent predicative unit of the condition can be distinguished in the Khakass language. The relationship between the main and dependent parts of the bipredicative constructions is established by the common Turkic conditional form =sa (and its phonetic variants) and analytic conditionals with the service word creep 'to be, to become.' Based on semantic features, conditional constructions in the Khakass language are divided into real-conditional and unreal-conditional. Real-conditional constructions are characterized by the fact that the condition in its dependent part is considered by the speaker as really feasible, and unreal-conditional constructions – as not feasible. In real-conditional constructions, the predicate of the main part is represented by the forms of the indicative, the imperative, and the optative, and in unreal-conditional constructions – by the form of the subjunctive mood. Keywords: syntax, Khakass language, conditional constructions, bipredicative construction, real-conditional construction, unreal-conditional construction | 1620 | |||||
| 512 | The article is devoted to the identification and structural and functional description of the features of perception of urban space during a pandemic from the point of view of studying its perception by young people. The author shows the relationships between the elements of urban space as constraints during the pandemic through the image formed in the minds of young people. The study is based on the mental mapping method developed by K. Lynch, which allows visualizing the main features of the city and its space during the Covid-19 period. The aim is to find out what image is formed in the minds of young people in relation to the spaces of the city of Elista. The study was conducted using the structural-functional method and the method of participant observation. The author concludes that the transformation of the urban space under the influence of the pandemic COVID-19 is associated with physical limitations. The image of the city is marked by old boundaries, which indicates the stability of the perception of the image of urban space, fixed in landmarks and gaining recognition in the minds of young people. Keywords: mental map, representation, pandemic, Kalmyks, young generation, perception, city, space | 1619 | |||||
| 513 | The article examines the constructions of the causation of negative emotions in the Buryat language. The relevance of the work is related to a comprehensive approach to the study of such functional and semantic categories as causativity, which involves the study of the category from the point of view of the interaction of various linguistic facts. The subject of the study is emotional constructions that demonstrate the interaction of the categories of emotivity and causativity. In modern linguistics, there is an increased interest in the problem of the category of emotivity, which is related to the need to study emotions and their representation in language. The emotion of anger is one of the basic negative emotions. The work aims to identify the semantic and structural components of causative constructions that express negative emotional effects and evoke feelings such as anger, irritation, dissatisfaction, and rage in the Buryat language. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that the definition of the main components of Buryat structures, which represent the emergence of feelings such as anger, irritation, and rage, is carried out for the first time. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work is formed by the works of Russian and foreign linguists (V. I. Shakhovsky, A. Vezhbitskaya, K. Izard, and many others). A solid sample of causative constructions contained in the electronic corpus of the Buryat language served as research material. The results show that causative constructions represent a situation with an emotional impact that evokes a certain reaction in the subject. There are sufficient morphological causatives in the Buryat language to indicate the causation of anger. Some peculiarities in their use have been noted. For example, the verb suhald-uul-ha is more frequent than uurl-uul-ha, which can be explained by the fact that the emotion represented by the lexeme uurla-ha ‘getting angry’, unlike suhald-ha, is perceived by native speakers as an inherent human state that has no external stimuli and is not subject to causation. Non-functional, causative constructions are involved in the representation of emotional effects. Polypredicative constructions with circumstantial meaning and components in direct speech are used when describing an emotional stimulus. Instrumentalis, intensifying adverbs, and adverbial forms are used to amplify the meaning of the emotional effect. Keywords: causativity, emotivity, causative construction, emotive construction, causative verb, emotional effect, negative emotions, intensifiers, Buryat language | 1617 | |||||
| 514 | In traditional Yakut culture, hunting has always occupied an important place in the subsistence system. This complex process was surrounded by a series of sacred practices and representations preserved in a somewhat modified form in modern Yakutia. Hunting is still a very popular seasonal activity in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and is practiced even in urban areas. Today, it is accompanied by modern technical means and methods and is shrouded in a series of bureaucratic procedures. However, the ritual remains an unchanging element of this process. The whole algorithm of hunting is linked to a series of conventions, beliefs, and rituals that seem anachronistic in modern reality. Nevertheless, the ritual still plays an important role in hunting, as it is a binding rule and a criterion for the success of the hunt. In this context, it is interesting to examine the preservation of traditions in modern society: How and why do they coexist in the reality of the XXI century, and on what principle are such stable artifacts of traditionality based? The relevance of this topic arises from the rapid modernization processes that many indigenous ethnic groups of the Russian North have undergone. They were decisive for the formation of some mechanisms of resistance to these processes and the emergence of ‘zones’ in which ethnicity was condensed and concentrated. Hunting is an example of such a zone in modern Yakut culture. This study examines hunting from the perspective of anthropological discourse, analyzes its functional role in social processes related to globalization and traditionalization, and considers hunting folklore as a means of expressing public messages, using both published and field ethnographic material. Finally, the authors conclude that in highly traditional societies, the ‘anchors’ of ethnic culture are those areas of traditional life associated with the categories of ‘fear’ and ideas about the mystical. Thus, hunting is seen as a socio-cultural phenomenon that preserves traditions because traditional ideas about interaction with nature and closeness to the irrational are preserved in this area. Keywords: Yakutia, modern hunting, hunting folklore, modern folklore, horror stories, traditionalism | 1614 | |||||
| 515 | This article is devoted to the study of the origin, historical development and use of the color designation buδ ‘gray, gray’ in the Bashkir language. For the first time, this word is considered in a wide chronological range: the development of the lexeme from the origin of the word to the current state is traced. The etymology of the word is based on the works of scientists, in which ancient forms are restored, the evolution of the word meanings can be traced through written sources starting from the ancient Turkic period. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of a comprehensive research on the origin, development and functioning of this lexeme in the Turkic languages. The study revealed that the lexeme buδ goes back to the Proto-Turkic *boŕ ‘gray’, which, in turn, came from the Proto-Altaic *boŕV ‘gray’. It was found that in the Bashkir language the main semantic load of the word buδ is the designation of the color of the gray hair and the color of animals and birds. But nevertheless, the material from the text corpus shows that in the modern Bashkir language the word buδ has expanded its semantics and has meanings of ‘light gray’, ‘light ash’, ‘earthy gray’, ‘empty’, ‘desert’, ‘young’, ‘free’, ‘carefree’, ‘lonely’. Color designation can be combined with the names of a wide range of objects: animals, somatisms, botanical terms, names of rocks and minerals, sky and celestial bodies, landscape, abstract concepts. Keywords: color naming of gray, Bashkir language, Turkic languages, semantics, comparative historical research | 1597 | |||||
| 516 | The topic of this article is lexical transformations as peculiar markers of the dynamics of modern language systems. However, in the context of the erasure of national differences, scholarly attention is focused on the process of regionalization, the relevance of which is ensured by its important role in intercultural communication: as a mechanism for the formation of national identity, regionalization is a kind of reaction to the negative challenges of globalization. The article aims to consider various manifestations of the dictionary updating process and compare modern Russian and Ossetian vocabulary in this respect. Russian explanatory dictionaries and translated Ossetian-Russian dictionaries were used as research material; information from a linguistic survey of a particular population group is undoubtedly relevant. The observations on the following vectors of the mentioned dynamics are presented: Neologization and internationalization of vocabulary; democratization and liberalization of vocabulary; the return of obsolete lexemes into active word use; and characteristic shifts in the structure of conceptual content motivated by the updating of denotations. The peculiarities of vocabulary changes in the Russian and Ossetian lexical systems are presented based on relevant observations. It is argued that within the processes of neologization and internationalization, the nature of the dynamics in these languages is generally identical, although the innovations in Ossetian vocabulary are more often two-dimensional (formal-semantic) in nature and “their occurrence is due to the resources of both Russian and, to a lesser extent, the Ossetian language itself...” (1, p. 730). Functional shifts manifest themselves in accordance with two multidirectional vectors: on the one hand, the influence of globalization and, on the other, the process of regionalization, which allows for a kind of preservation of ethnic identity. While the Russian linguistic taste is very hostile to the intensive liberalization and even criminalization of the modern lexical stock, the modern Ossetian language, on the contrary, shows the traditional norms of linguistic activity: the historically formed way of life, which is largely relevant for the modern speakers of the Ossetian language, largely motivates the patterns of behavior, including the patterns of linguistic taste. Keywords: dynamics of language, language process, neolexemes, neologization, democratization of language, liberalization of language, actualization of lexemes | 1596 | |||||
| 517 | Antonov N. K. Materialy po istoricheskoj leksike jakutskogo jazyka [Materials on the historical vocabulary of the Yakut language]. Jakutsk: Jakutskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1971. 174 p. (in Russian). Almadakova N. D. Grammaticheskaja kategorija zaloga v altajskom jazyke [Grammatical category of the pledge in the Altai language]. Gorno-Altajsk, 2005. 118 p. (in Russian). Betlingk O. N. O jazyke jakutov [About the Yakut language] // Per. s nem. V. I. Rassadina. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1990. 644 p. (in Russian). Budazhanova L. B. K probleme slozhnosostavnyh slov v burjatskom jazyke (na materiale buddijskoj leksiki) [On the problem of compound words in the Buryat language (based on the material of Buddhist vocabulary)] // Vestnik Burjatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta: Jazyk. Literatura. Kul'tura. 2018. Vyp. 2. P. 3–9. (in Russian). GSAJa – Grammatika sovremennogo altajskogo jazyka. Morfologija [Grammar of the modern Altai language. Morphology]. Gorno-Altajsk, 2017. 576 p. (in Russian). GBJa – Grammatika burjatskogo jazyka. Fonetika i morfologija [Grammar of the Buryat language. Phonetics and morphology]. M.: Izd-vo Vostochnoj literatury, 1962. 340 p. (in Russian). GSJaLJa – Grammatika sovremennogo jakutskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Fonetika i morfologija [Grammar of the modern Yakut literary language. Phonetics and morphology]. M.: Nauka, 1982. 496 p. (in Russian). Dondukov U.-Zh. Sh. Slovoobrazovanie mongol'skih jazykov [Word formation of the Mongolian languages]. Ulan-Udje, 1993. 230 p. (in Russian). Dybo A. V. Semanticheskaja rekonstrukcija v altajskoj jetimologii. Somaticheskie terminy (plechevoj sustav) [Semantic reconstruction in Altaic etymology. Somatic terms (shoulder joint)]. M., 1996. 386 p. Dyrheeva G. A., Haranutova D. Sh., Bardamova E. A. Parnye slova i parnoe slovoobrazovanie v burjatskom jazyke [Paired words and paired word formation in the Buryat language]. Ulan-Udje: Izd-vo Burjatskogo gosuniversiteta, 2014. 208 p. (in Russian). Ivanov S. A. Leksicheskie osobennosti govorov jakutskogo jazyka [Lexical features of the dialects of the Yakut language]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2017. 392 p. (in Russian). Ivanov S. A. Obrazovanie dialektnoj sistemy jakutskogo jazyka [Formation of the dialect system of the Yakut language]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2021. 256 p. (in Russian). Ivanova I. B. Affiksal'noe imennoe slovoobrazovanie v sovremennom jakutskom jazyke (na materiale otglagol'nyh imen sushhestvitel'nyh) [Affixal nominal word formation in the modern Yakut language (based on the material of verbal nouns)]. Avtoref…kand. diss. Jakutsk, 2011. 22 p. (in Russian). Kaluzhinskij Ct. Jetimologicheskie issledovanija po jakutskomu jazyku. Dvuslozhnye osnovy [Etymological research on the Yakut language. Two – syllable basics]. (II) // Rocznik orientalistyczny. 1978. T. XL. Z. 1. P. 71–82. (in Russian). Kolesnikova A. V. K harakteristike chastej tela cheloveka v tunguso-man'chzhurskih jazykah [On the characterization of human body parts in the Tungusic-Manchu languages] // Ocherki sravnitel'noj leksikologii altajskih jazykov. – Leningrad: Nauka, 1972. P. 257–336. (in Russian). Kolesnikova A. V. Affiksal'noe glagoloobrazovanie v altajskom jazyke v sopostavlenii s drevnetjurkskim jazykom [Affixal verb formation in the Altai language in comparison with the ancient Turkic language]. Avtoref… na soiskanie diss. dokt. filol. n. Novosibirsk, 2004. (in Russian). Musaev K. M. Leksikologija tjurkskih jazykov [Lexicology of the Turkic languages]. M.: Nauka, 1984. 226 p. (in Russian). Okoneshnikov E. I. Lingvisticheskie aspekty terminologii jakutskogo jazyka [Linguistic aspects of the terminology of the Yakut language]. Avtoref. dokt…diss. Jakutsk, 2005. 52 p. (in Russian) Orlovskaja M. N. Imena sushhestvitel'nye i prilagatel'nye v sovremennom mongol'skom jazyke [Nouns and adjectives in modern Mongolian]. M.: Izd-vo Vostochnoj literatury, 1961. 114 p. (in Russian). Rassadin V. I. Ocherki po morfologii i slovoobrazovaniju mongol'skih jazykov [Essays on the morphology and word formation of the Mongolian languages]. Jelista, 2008. 232 p. (in Russian). SIGTJa 1988 – Sravnitel'no-istoricheskaja grammatika tjurkskih jazykov: Morfologija [Comparative historical Grammar of the Turkic languages: Morphology]. M.: «Nauka», 1988. 560 p. (in Russian). SIGTJa 2001 – Sravnitel'no-istoricheskaja grammatika tjurkskih jazykov: Leksika [Comparative historical Grammar of the Turkic languages: Vocabulary]. M.: «Nauka», 2001. 822 p. (in Russian). Tarakanova I. M. Slovoobrazovanie imen sushhestvitel'nyh v hakasskom jazyke (v sopostavitel'nom aspekte) [Word formation of nouns in the Khakass language (in a comparative aspect)]. Abakan: Hakasskoe knizh. izd-vo, 2008. 174 p. (in Russian). Tybykova A. T. Orfografija i punktuacija altajskogo jazyka [Spelling and punctuation of the Altai language]. Gorno-Altajsk, 1981. (in Russian). Haranutova D. Sh. Burjatskoe slovoobrazovanie: strukturno-semanticheskaja organizacija [Buryat word formation: structural and semantic organization]. Ulan-Udje: Izd-vo Burjatskogo gosuniversiteta, 2012. 269 p. (in Russian). Chajchina E. V. Leksiko-semanticheskoe vzaimootnoshenie komponentov parnyh slov v altajskom jazyke [Lexicosemantic relationship of the components of paired words in the Altai language] // Jazyki korennyh narodov Sibiri. Novosibirsk, 2004. Pp. 115–120. (in Russian). Shagdarov L. D., Shagdarova D. L. Slozhnoe slovo v burjatskom jazyke [A complex word in the Buryat language]. Ulan-Udje: Izd-vo Burjatskogo gosuniversiteta, 2015. 265 p. (in Russian). Shherbak A. M. O haraktere leksicheskih vzaimosvjazej tjurkskih, mongol'skih i tunguso-man'chzhurskih jazykov [On the nature of lexical interrelations of the Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic-Manchu languages] // Voprosy jazykoznanija, 1966, № 3. (in Russian). Shherbak A. M. Ocherki po sravnitel'noj morfologii tjurkskih jazykov (Imja) [Essays on the comparative morphology of the Turkic languages (Name)]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1977. 182 p. (in Russian). Cincius V. I. Zadachi sravnitel'noj leksikologii altajskih jazykov [Tasks of comparative lexicology of the Altai languages] // Ocherki sravnitel'noj leksikologii altajskih jazykov. Leningrad: Nauka, 1972. Pp. 3–14. (in Russian). Kaluzinsky St. Mongolische Elemente in der Jakutischen Sprache. Warszawa, 1961. www.buryat-lang.ru – Russko-burjatskij slovar'. Keywords: Yakut, Altai, Buryat, comparative-contrastive study, morphological derivation, word formation, animals, body parts | 1595 | |||||
| 518 | The article offers a lexical analysis of the Tuvan names of tortures known in Tuvan history as тос эрии ‘nine tortures.’ Тос эрии refers to the period of Manchu Chinese rule, the time of the Qin dynasty in Tuva and Mongolia (XVIII to early XX century). However, their rule in Tuva was exercised by local rulers, who, in turn, were subordinate to the Mongols. Historical data indicate that the Chinese administration ruled Mongolia and Tuva according to a specially created document, “The Code of the Chinese Chamber of Foreign Relations.” According to the norms contained in it, about 40 types of torture were developed for investigative measures. Of these, nine were applied in Tuva and Mongolia. Hence, the Tuvan and Mongolian names for torture – tuv. тос эрии / эрээ and mong. есөн эрүү ‘nine tortures’. The article shows for the first time the structural and semantic features of the semantics of the names of the ‘nine tortures’ in the Tuvan language compared with the Mongolian language. The Tuvan and Mongolian sources show that there are certain discrepancies in listing the types of torture in different works. The analysis of the material allowed us to identify seven matches in the names of the ‘nine tortures.’ In the three cases described, there are complete structural and semantic correspondences in the names – tuv. шаагайтаары / mong. шаахайдах ‘to strike the Shaagai in the face,’ 2) tuv. маңзылаары / mong. банздах or чавчирга ‘to hit the hips with a board,’ 3) tuv. кулузуннар кадаары / mong. хулсан хадаас ‘to drive a sharp thin splinter under the nails.’ In these cases, we are dealing with direct borrowings from the Mongolian language. The other four parallels are semantic equivalents in which the same type of torture is denoted in Tuvan and Mongolian with different lexical means: in Tuvan, mainly with descriptive phrases, in Mongolian with special lexemes (tuv. ооргага хаг кыпсыры ‘to light tinder on the back’ / mong. төөнүүр ‘to light the tinder on the back,’ tuv. хаак-биле кагар / mong. туйван ‘to beat with thin branches of a willow or other tree,’ tuv. ийи холунуң улуг-эргээнден азар / mong. дүүжин ‘to hang by the thumbs,’ tuv. саактаары / mong. хавчуур ‘squeeze the shins of men and the hands of women with a vice’). A linguistic study of the ‘nine tortures’ names has shown a clear Mongolian influence. This group’s Tuvan vocabulary arose through direct borrowings from the Mongolian language and through the descriptive transfer of the meanings of Mongolian lexemes. The latter could indicate a relatively lower prevalence (or frequency of use) of types of torture. The comparative method, the component analysis method, and the descriptive method were used in the study. Data from Tuvan and Mongolian dictionaries, scholarly works on Tuvan history, ethnography, and legal history, as well as works by Mongolian researchers who have studied the Mongolian есөн эрүү ‘nine tortures’ from a historical perspective, were used as research material. The illustrative material was taken from works of Tuvan fiction and ethnographic descriptions Keywords: тувинский язык, монгольский язык, тос эрии/эрээ, есөн эрүү ‘букв. девять пыток’, заимствование, структурные и семантические признаки | 1590 | |||||
| 519 | The article describes the experience of compiling the dictionary of toponyms of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Settlements, which contains 562 lexical entries. The relevance of the work arises from the activation of toponymic research in the region and the need to document its toponymic system in this historical period. The scope of the toponymic material determines the novelty of the work, the depth of the analysis, and the extent of the linguistic and extra-linguistic problems solved in the collection of the linguistic material and the compilation of the lexical entries. The requirements for the preparation of toponymic dictionaries are analyzed, the difficulties in compiling lexical entries are pointed out, and possible solutions are suggested. In preparing the materials for the dictionary, there were a number of problems that were solved in the course of the study: it was proposed to combine the repeated names of settlements into one lexical entry indicating the location of each settlement; the official modern Russian language name is chosen as the introductory word and is connected in parentheses with the Yakut name, with the spelling and graphic design (especially if there are options) determined in accordance with the requirement of unification of names of geographical features from the federal law of the Russian Federation; the lexical entries contain all currently available information on the origin of the oikonym, the source language and ethnographic information as reference material; an administrative-territorial characteristic of the geographical feature is given to indicate the location. Perspectives are given for collecting and analyzing the material for further work on the revised and corrected edition of the dictionary; reasons are given for the need to document accent norms in the dictionary, as well as for the inclusion of information on other territorial and communal names in the new dictionary: territories, rural settlements, regions and districts, and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Keywords: dictionary of toponyms, oikonyms, toponymy, codification, etymology, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), source language, lexicography | 1589 | |||||
| 520 | The article analyzes the system of livestock vocabulary, i.e., the gender and age designations of small livestock, based on the material of the Altai language and its dialects in comparison with a similar system of other Siberian and Mongolian Turkic languages. All available dictionaries for these languages, as well as expedition materials collected by the author during an expedition to places of compact residence of native speakers of the Altai language in 2022–2023, served as material for the study. The analysis of the livestock as mentioned above terms for the gender and age designations of small livestock using the example of sheep shows that many terms are common in Turkic; there are differences at the morphophonological level; there is a semantic shift in the terms denoting the age of small livestock; borrowings from Mongolian languages, all this is explained by spatial proximity. The Turkic peoples of Siberia are considered to be classic nomadic cattle breeders who raise the most important types of livestock: Horses, cows, sheep, goats, and camels. The Turks of Siberia have always been in close contact with the Mongols, and some peoples, such as the Tuvans and the Altai, have been part of the Mongolian state for many years. The Tuvinians and the Tofalars have lived and continue to live in constant contact with Mongolian-speaking tribes, which has inevitably left traces in the livestock vocabulary of these peoples. Lexical dialectisms and linguistic peculiarities occur during the historical development of the individual peoples. Of the lexemes studied, five are not listed in the available dictionaries of the Altai language; these lexemes come from the active vocabulary of the native speakers.. Keywords: vocabulary, animal husbandry vocabulary, Turkic languages, Altai language, Mongolian languages, thematic group, comparative analysis | 1589 | |||||
| 521 | The article presents the results of a sociolinguistic survey conducted by the author in the Mari diaspora of the Moscow region aimed at identifying and describing the functioning of the ethnic language. One of the aspects of the study is devoted to the issue of intergenerational transmission of the ethnic language in the conditions of diasporic residence. The first-generation respondents in the sample generally demonstrate a high level of language loyalty and are confident that they will not lose their ethnic language, their concerns are more likely to deal with to the second-generation representatives who grew up in the Moscow region. Among the main factors contributing to the early acquisition of an ethnic language in the second generation, the following ones were mentioned: immersion in the language environment in the Mari village in the summer; intra-family everyday communication in an ethnic language; children’s participation in cultural events organized in Moscow by the Mari community, as well as on the initiative of individual representatives or groups of the diaspora. However, when directly implemented, these models reveal several significant drawbacks in practice: further russification of the Mari rural areas, which leads to a child’s poor proficiency in Mari; assigning the child the role of a passive listener in the conversations of older family members; lack of cultural forms that meet the adolescents’ demands. Negative attitudes, stigmatizing ideologies as well as language practices inherited by respondents in relation to the Mari language in their small homeland all play a significant role in the weak transmission of the ethnic language to children. The survey revealed some positive changes, mainly among young respondents, due to their increased language awareness and changes in language strategies and ideologies. The Mari language is one of the main features of ethnic identity in the sample: the decay of the ethnic language in the second generation of the diaspora leads to the loss of some other ethnic markers and, as a result, to the blurring of the boundaries of the ethnic group. Keywords: Mari language, ethnic language, internal diaspora, Moscow region, intergenerational language transmission, attitudes, ideologies, language practices | 1582 | |||||
| 522 | The article examines the tradition of guest visits retpe çӳreni/ertele kaini in the contemporary festive and ritual culture of the Chuvash people using the example of rural communities – the traditional environment for the emergence and existence of their ethnic culture. The study aims to identify forms of visits and determine their role in the system of social relations of an ethnic group. The work characterizes traditional elements and innovations in the culture of hospitality, describes the main signs of change in this custom, and identifies factors of change under the influence of socio-economic factors in the – first decades of the XXI century. The article considers the guest visit as a socially conditioned phenomenon, which, in its dynamics, reflects the processes of social change. The study is based on the field material collected by the authors in 1998–2003 and 2020–2022 in the republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, the Samara region, and the Republic of Chuvashia. The study shows that the traditions of visits were part of the festivals and rituals of the Chuvash people, determined the structure, spatial, temporal, and action-related characteristics, and acted as one of the effective forms of social interaction within the patronymic groups at the level of the rural community. In contemporary culture, visits and related ritual actions continue to exist in integral form or as separate elements in the Chuvash calendar ritual, forming an important part of religious and ritual practices in some rural areas. Elements of guest etiquette, the digital ritual code, the attitude towards guests as part of the ritual, the preparation of traditional dishes, etc., have been preserved. The existing practices of hosting people at home show that this form of social interaction is necessary to maintain and strengthen intra-village relationships and family ties. The change in customs is expressed more in the fact that the traditional forms are being replaced by innovations that are not ethnic in nature, that the composition of the participants, the forms of hospitality, and their characteristics are changing, and that the ritual is diminishing over time. The changes are due to the weakening (sometimes loss) of family and neighborhood ties in rural communities, the declining importance of folk festivals and rituals in public life, and the advent of modern means of communication. Keywords: guest visits, hospitality, holidays, rituals, Chuvash | 1576 | |||||
| 523 | This study used ethnographic data and folklore sources to reconstruct the bridegroom’s banya (bathhouse) in the context of the Karelian wedding tradition. The study is necessitated by the lack of knowledge on the subject and the public’s constant interest in folk culture. Some elements of the wedding ritual are often used and redefined in modern ceremonies. The article aims to analyze the actional and verbal aspects of the bridegroom’s banya ritual in the temporal and spatial context, reconstruct the ritual, and present its functions. The study’s novelty lies in the fact that its results will contribute to uncovering new information about the wedding rituals of the Karelians. The study is of practical importance as its results can be used for educational and cultural work in Karelia. Methodologically, the reconstruction of the groom’s banya ritual is based on the systems approach, supported by the comparative historical method, the structural semiotic method, and holistic text analysis. The theoretical background for the study was provided by the works of international and Russian scholars, particularly the fundamental works of J. Surhasko, N. Krinichnaya, A. Stepanova, and L. Ivanova. The material for the analysis was ethnographic descriptions and folklore sources, especially wedding songs recorded by various local groups of Karelians. The earliest texts date from the late 19th century, while Karelian scholars recorded later versions in the first half of the 20th century. These sources have been published in a number of foreign and domestic anthologies. The analysis revealed that the bridegroom’s banya fulfilled the apotropaic and initiatory functions within the ritual and served as a place for the social status change of one of the most important participants of the ritual. Keywords: Karelians, wedding ritual, bathhouse runo songs, bridegroom’s banya, folklore | 1576 | |||||
| 524 | The article is focused on the description of the tribal name of Lunikersky – the name of the Tungus ethnic groups living in the Nerchinsk district of the 19th century. To study its ethno-linguistic background, the author applies comparative historical linguistics and examines extralinguistic facts from documents in the State Archive of the Trans-Baikal Territory. These documents reveal information about the size of the clan and their economy, which made it possible to assume that their had more diverse life rather than reindeer herding. The tribal name of Lunikersky is ambiguous in terms of its ethno-linguistic affiliation, and the article suggests two possible meanings for it. The first possibility is that the name has an Ob-Ugric ethno-linguistic origin, as suggested by the personal tamgas-seals of the Luniker clan elders, which depict images of fish and squirrels. The second possibility is that the name is connected to the northern Samoyed lexeme for “eagle”, which is supported by linguistic and extralinguistic data. The article also discusses the ethnic and linguistic diversity of the Tungus population in the Nerchinsk district, noting that the Lunikersky may be an alloethnonym for the Tungus-Manchurian tribes of the past. Keywords: genonym Lunikersky, Tunguses of Nerchinsk, Urulga Steppe Duma, State Archive of the Trans- Baikal Territory, eagle-totem ancestor, Nganasan language, tamga of the elder of the clan | 1574 | |||||
| 525 | The article is devoted to the analysis of the structure of Russian and Buryat legends about the Barguts, which belong to the microlocal tradition (Barguzinsky district of the Republic of Buryatia). Comparative studies of the legends created by Russian settlers when settling in new territories compared to the legends of the indigenous peoples are considered important. The work aims to determine the peculiarities of the local tradition of the Buryats and Russians in the legends of the Barguts and the peculiarities of the reflection of ethnocultural features in the conditions of territorial interethnic contacts. The imagological method of analysis will make it possible to trace the process of formation of the image of the stranger (the Bargut) in the Russian tradition in comparison with the Buryat view of this image, and the hermeneutic method of interpretation of the narratives is also required. The legends tell of the Barguts, one of the Mongolian tribes that once inhabited this region. The sources of the study are archival records of Russian legends and field materials of the author of the work. In legends with a similar plot, the reason for the exodus of the Indigenous people of the region is a single motif, namely the appearance of a white birch tree in a coniferous forest, characterized by the opposition’ friend – foe’ by the color code ‘white – black’, the phytocode ‘birch – coniferous’. As part of the study, the structural characteristics of the legends about the Barguts in various ethnic traditions were determined. A variable transformation of the invariant of the exodus motif of the Barguts in the Russian tradition, which is connected with the legends of the Chudes, is revealed: they go away, bury themselves, dig themselves into pits, throw themselves off cliffs, drown themselves in rivers. The motif of the suicide of foreign, hostile people is the most important structural factor in the construction of Russian legends. In the Buryat legends, the stable motif of departure, and not mythological suicide, is connected with the historical events of the exodus of the Barguts, a closely related tribe, and their contemporaries. The most important conclusion is the identification of the phenomenon of folkloric local narrative, in which the content of ethnic and/or historical memory, transformation, and adaptation to a foreign cultural stereotype is manifested. Under the conditions of the cultural border, the ‘foreign’, which acquires an ambiguous meaning, almost becomes the ‘own.’ Keywords: Russians, Buryats, ethnoculture, border areas, local traditions, motif invariant, motif variants, Сhude, exodus | 1570 | |||||
| 526 | The article examines the dialectal material of the Selkup language collected in the 20th century by A. P. Dulzon and his successors and by G. Miller, P. Pallas, and M. Castrén in the 18th century. From the perspective of dialect-differentiating isoglosses, the article shows numerous exceptions in the correspondence between the southern and central Selkup dialects. When looking at materials based on known isoglosses, it is difficult to identify systematic differences between southern and central dialects in the 18th century. This article, therefore, aims to investigate when the differences between the southern and central dialects emerged and how significant the differences between northern and central-southern Selkup were. To investigate this question, we uploaded five 18th-century dictionaries by G. Miller to the LingvoDoc platform (lingvodoc.ispras.ru). The graph-phonetic isoglosses and the basic vocabulary were then analyzed using proprietary programs. The results show that the northern Selkup dialect already differed phonetically and lexically from the central and southern dialects in the 18th century. It can be assumed that there were two Selkup languages at this period. In this period, there were no systematic phonetic isoglosses between the southern and central dialects, but lexically, they were already different from each other. It has already been established that all the phonetic features of the Narym dialect that can be identified in the 21st century were already present in the book by Saint Makary (Nevsky), “Materials for acquaintance with the dialect of the Ostyak people of the Narym region” written in 1887. Thus, it becomes clear that the phonetic differences between the southern and central dialects appeared only in the early 19th century, although the glottochronological analysis of S. Starostin places their separation in the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE. Keywords: Selkup dialects, graphics, phonetics, lexicostatistics, archived dictionaries, audio dictionary | 1569 | |||||
| 527 | In 1928, the main sensation for the whole world was the accident of the airship “Italia”, which crashed on its way back after reaching the North Pole. Several states tried to work together to save the survivors. But the Arctic Ocean did not yield – moreover, the crew of Raul Amundsen’s plane, who fl ew to the rescue of Umberto Nobile’s expedition, became a new victim. It was possible to interrupt the series of failures thanks to the active involvement of the Soviet Union in the operation, which sent three ships with two aircraft to the search area. Thanks to the hard work of the crew of the Krasin icebreaker and the experience of pilot Boris Chukhnovsky, at the last moment, the polar explorers who were losing hope were saved. One of the most notable acts of the propaganda campaign, which was widely launched after the completion of the operation, was the prompt release of the full-length documentary film “Feat in the Ice”, which was shown with great success on many domestic and foreign screens. The film was based on newsreel footage of cameramen who worked on three ships participating in the rescue operation. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the history of the creation of a film document at the end of the “silent film era”. The object of consideration will be the chronotope of the “rescue air-sea expedition”, put by the directors “Vasiliev brothers” as the basis of the film. In the context of information from different sources about the event being covered, a comprehensive analysis of the content and structure of the film will be carried out. The introduction gives a brief overview of the period of the avant-garde formation of the language of Russian documentary cinema. In the main part, when analyzing the content of the episodes and the plot construction of the film “Feat in the Ice”, literary evidence of the participants in the rescue of the Nobile expedition is also given. With this approach, according to the principle of complementarity-complementarity, the chronicle film should be considered not so much as an independent reliable source, but rather as an emotional image-reason that, in interaction with other information materials, recreates the atmosphere of a historical episode, interest in which has not disappeared even now. Keywords: airship “Italy”, newsreels, avant-garde cinema, the principle of complementarity, episodes, structure, silent documentary film “Feat in the Ice” 1928 | 1562 | |||||
| 528 | The paper deals with morphological causatives in the Tatyshly subdialect of the Udmurt language (Republic of Bashkortostan). Surrounded by the Turkic languages (Tatar and Bashkir), Tatyshly Udmurt developed a more complex system of causative markers than Standard Udmurt. It consists of two suffixes: -t, of Uralic origins, and a Turkic borrowing -ttə̑r absent in Standard Udmurt. In this article, the properties of the suffixes are reviewed regarding the morphosyntax and semantics of verbal forms. It is demonstrated that the two suffixes apply different restrictions on deriving stems. The main one is that -t but not -ttə̑r can serve as a verbalizer and be attached to nominal stems. Another crucial difference is that -ttə̑r can be interpreted as either a single or double causative, and -t does not. Meanwhile, the patterns of causee marking are the same for both Tatyshly and Standard Udmurt: the causee gets accusative regardless of the verb's argument structure, contrary to Comrie's hierarchy. The suffixes can express all range of typologically attested semantics (factitive, mediated, rogative) except for permissive. In addition to that, in some idiolects, -ttə̑r introduces the interpretation of intensification or deliberance, which is typical of double causatives. Given its morphosyntactic properties and evidence from other languages, I argue that it was a configuration of two causative morphemes in the early stages of borrowing, but it functions as a single morpheme on the synchronic level. Thus, the suffixes -t and -ttə̑r exhibit differences not only between each other but also in comparison to their counterparts in Standard Udmurt and Turkic. Keywords: morphological causative, double causative, affix borrowing, dialectal morphology, Udmurt language, Turkic languages | 1548 | |||||
| 529 | Bilingualism in the Republic of Bashkortostan plays an important role in preserving the region’s cultural diversity and national identity. By enabling people to communicate in two languages, it allows them to participate in different aspects of life while preserving their linguistic and cultural heritage. The article deals with bilingualism and polylingualism in the Republic of Bashkortostan. It deals with the extent of the spread of national-Russian bilingualism. Bashkir-Russian and Tatar-Russian bilingualisms are the most developed in the republic. For the study, quantitative analysis of information from various sources was used. Statistical processing of digital data was used to create the tables. The aim of this work is to study the peculiarities of the functioning of bilingualism and multilingualism in the Republic of Bashkortostan based on census data. The main types of these phenomena are identified. The author also draws attention to multilingual education in modern society. The educational institutions of the Republic of Bashkortostan have organized the study of 14 native languages. The article also notes that subordinate bilingualism and polylingualism are accompanied by interference errors, the study of which will help to develop effective methods for teaching Russian as a second language to native speakers of the national language and avoid the repetition of these errors in the future. According to the results of the All-Russian census, it was found that there are about 150 languages in the republic. The languages of international communication are Russian, Bashkir, and Tatar. The population of the Republic of Bashkortostan is 4091423 people, including Bashkirs – 1268806, Russians – 1509246, Tatars – 974533, Mari – 84988, Chuvashs – 79950, Ukrainians – 14876, Mordvins – 10970, Udmurts – 17149, Belarusians – 3753, other nationalities – 61096. It should be noted that 98.5% of the population speaks Russian, Bashkir – 23%, Tatar – 20.1%, English – 3.2%, Mari – 1.5%, and Chuvash – 1.3% of the population of the Republic of Belarus. Despite all the conditions created to preserve the national languages of their peoples, there is a decline in the level of mastery of native languages in the republic, with the exception of Russian. Keywords: Bashkir language, native language, Russian language, bilingualism, polylingualism, multilingualism, types of bilingualism, census | 1547 | |||||
| 530 | This article analyzes the Komi-Permyak ideas about the souls of the dead and their implementation in oral narratives, the use of Russian borrowings in the Komi-Permyak language. We have used the method of contextual analysis, which aims to describe linguistic features that reflect the links between the language and the culture of the Komi-Permyaks. The Komi adhere to the idea that man has two sous – lov and ort. The first is the inner soul, the soul breath that leaves the body at the time of death, the second is the outer soul, the shadow, the doppelganger of a person that can become visible before death. Modern Komi-Permyaks do not distinguish between two forms of the soul, although there are still stories about various harbingers of death, including doppelgangers. In addition to the original word ort, the word urös has also survived in various dialects: Among the Komi-Izhma, this word refers to a figure close to the ort; among the Kochevo Komi-Permyaks, it is used in texts about harbingers of death; among the Russified Onkovites, it is a spirit that appears before death. The soul of the deceased remains in the house until day 40 (six weeks). It manifests itself in various sounds, and the Komi-Permyak language has a developed system of onomatopoeic words. In addition, there are also Russian loan verbs meaning 'to imagine, to wonder' blaznite, verzhitchyny, versishchyny, vӧrzhitchyny, prikashaytchyny, as well as the original verb kazmö́tchyny 'to remember, to make oneself known'. The main reason for borrowing this group of verbs from the Komi-Permyak language is obviously their abstract character, the abstraction from concrete manifestations (mostly sound), which describe the appearance of the souls of the dead in the Komi-Permyak language. Keywords: Komi-Permyak language, ort soul, lov soul, onomatopoeia, imagining things | 1544 | |||||
| 531 | The article is devoted to analysing vocalism in Middle Chulym, one of the two dialects of the Chulym Turkic language, which belongs to the Khakass-Shor subgroup of Turkic languages. The article examines various phonetic processes associated with the development of vowels, including the changes that have occurred from a historical perspective and in relation to synchronic phonetic phenomena. The authors have carried out a detailed analysis of the changes in Proto-Turkic vowels in Middle Chulym, including the raising, labialisation and reflection of vowels in position after velar consonants. The influence of the consonantal environment on the qualitative and quantitative changes of the vowels, such as compensatory and contractive length, as well as specific cases of contraction in different contexts, are also considered. The main focus is on acoustic data obtained in field studies, which allow us to clarify previously assumed phonetic changes. In particular, the assumptions about the complete transition of the front vowels to the back row, which were made on the basis of auditory analyses, are refuted. These processes allow a better understanding of the internal development of Middle Chulym vocalism and the identification of its unique innovations that distinguish this dialect from other languages of the Khakass subgroup. Keywords: vocalism, Middle Chulym dialect, phonetic changes, field research | 1544 | |||||
| 532 | Using the local tradition of the Old Believers-Bespopovtsy of Nizhnepechora as an example, the characteristics of the late existence of burial and memorial laments in the Ust-Tsilemsky district of the Komi Republic are described. The study draws attention to the rather late research of baptism by folklorists. The collection of the reports was not carried out systematically by different researchers. The 1929 records were published with a commentary only in 2013 and another major publication of the texts collected in 1942 dates from 1962. The reports have been published in other collections with varying degrees of completeness. Particularly in the 21st century, there are also analytical articles. This article examines the liturgical tradition from the perspective of an ethnographic research campaign, focusing on the functioning of the genre, the place, and the role of eulogies in funeral and memorial rites at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. The factors contributing to eulogies' introduction into traditional funeral culture are described. The ritual terminology, the stable expressions that are the names of the laments and indicate their fulfillment, and the vocabulary represented in the laments by metaphorical substitutions and epithets are given. The importance of regulating the performance of lamentations in relation to the time of day is analyzed, and the restriction of their performance to certain ages and social groups is also considered. The local peculiarity of the performance of lament songs for the deceased, who showed disrespect to some family members during their lifetime and were abusers, through the lament songs, the unkind actions and deeds of the deceased person are shown. The article was written on the basis of field materials collected by the author in different years in the villages of Ust-Tsilma, as well as on the basis of published materials and archival sources kept in the scientific archive of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Keywords: Old Believers-Bespopovts, mourning and memorial laments, lamentations, funeral cries, folk terminology, oral narrative, ritual vocabulary | 1539 | |||||
| 533 | Tonal languages may differ considerably with respect to the functional load of the tone. Carlos Gussenhoven suggested the notion of tonal density of a language, however, to our knowledge, there have been no attempts to apply it in practice. In this paper, a method of calculation of the Tonal Density Index (TDI) is proposed. Under TDI we understand the ratio of the number of tonemes or marked tones to the number of segmental units in a text. The key notions related to the TDI are the following: — toneme i.e. a tonal contour which is relevant for the expression of a lexical or grammatical meaning; — tonal domain, i.e. a sequence of segments to which a toneme is associated; — marked tone, which is often postulated in languages with two-level tonal systems. In such languages, syllables or morae which do not carry the marked tone can be considered toneless; — a basic segmental unit may be a syllable or a mora. Consequently, two kinds of TDI can be calculated, the “moraic TDI” and the “syllabic TDI”. The key question is the applicability of segmentation into these units. Some languages distinguish up to four degrees of the syllable weight; sometimes syllables of identical structures are interpreted differently in what concerns their syllabic weight, even in closely related languages; such factors may considerably complicate the count of moras. On the other hand, in other languages, identification of syllables may be problematic; in such languages, the “moraic TDI” would be easier to calculate. Three languages of different types have been taken to exemplify the method of calculation of the “syllabic TDI”. In Navajo (Southern Athabascan group, USA), a language with a marked high tone, the TDI equals 35.8. In Bambara (Western Mande, Mali), a two-level language with tonal domains, the TDI equals 70. In Eastern Dan (South Mande group, Côte d’Ivoire), a language with 5 level tones, the TDI equals 105.8. Keywords: tonal density, toneme, tonal domain, marked tone, syllable, mora | 1537 | |||||
| 534 | The article deals with the importance of individual self-perception factors (language, religion, culture, historical memory) for maintaining Polish ethnic identity among the regional public organization “Polish House” members in Tomsk in the late 2010s. The main theoretical foundations of the work are the constructivist approach of the theory of ethnos (R. Brubaker, V.A. Tishkov) and the theory of historical memory (M. Halbwaks). Ethnic autostereotypes of this group are examined. The variability and contextuality of self-determination on an ethnic or political basis depending on the context of circumstances are shown: from the ethnonym “Pole” to the politonym “Russian” It is shown how important it is for the respondents to learn/know Polish, as it is one of the components of their identity. The majority of respondents know Polish or are learning it. As the authors noted, religious affiliation and commitment to Catholicism are not crucial for self-awareness as a Pole. The issue of preserving historical memory as a factor of ethnic identity is considered separately. The interviewees pointed out the importance of family history and archival materials (letters, photo albums) for the transmission of traditions and participation in the history of the Polish people. Poles from Siberia came here at various times in the XIX and XX centuries. In most cases, these were not voluntary resettlements. The authors studied the issues of the integration of Poles into Russian society. According to the study results, most respondents believe that Poles are fully integrated into Russian society. But, unfortunately, the Russian public sometimes extrapolates the actions and statements of Polish politicians to all Poles, which can have a negative impact on the attitude of Russians toward this ethnic group. The survey results show that the self-confidence of Russian Poles who have Polish ancestors (or suspect that they have Polish ancestors) is ambivalent and depends on external factors. Furthermore, they show the great importance of historical (collective) memory, which is the most important marker of the identity of Russian Poles, while linguistic and religious markers do not play such an important role. Keywords: Poles, Russian Poles, Siberia, ethnic identity, historical memory, autostereotypes, constructivism, public organizations | 1537 | |||||
| 535 | The article is devoted to another attempt to determine the ethnolinguistic affiliation of one of the most enigmatic polytonyms of pre-Russian Siberia – Pegaya Horde as a name for the entire population of a given territory, without taking into account their ethnic, linguistic, and cultural identity. Under the politonym, Pegaya Horde all nomadic peoples of Siberia were united in the post-Mongol era. In the pre-Mongol (or Mongol) era, Chinese chronicles recorded the polytonym Boma “skewbald” (驳-马 [bo-ma] 'skewbald (spotted) horse') or Alakchin (as well as Alats) as the name of a particular tribe that had skewbald (different, motley ) horses. If the first part of the socionym Pegaya Horde is conceptually connected with Boma, Alakchin, Alats, and the Olkhonud tribe of Mongols, the base of which is connected with the Altaic appellative alag / alha 'motley, piebald,' then the second part of the socionym – Horde, is connected with the Mongolian ard '1'. arat, worker; people; ard tumen parn. people'. The mysterious Boma's localization corresponds to the Mongol ecumene area, which geographically coincides with the northeastern part of the modern Transbaikalian territory, including the northern areas of China – Manchuria, Khulunbuir and Hailar. An analysis of the meaning of these onyms, usually associated with Mongol ecumenism, allowed us to assume that the Olkhonүүd onym of the Mongols, as well as Boma, Alakchin and Alat ('s), have a Samoyedic origin. Note that the term "motley" is ethnographically embedded in key images of the Buryat-Mongol world. In addition, we have compared the synonymous Boma onym as hetsy (or khela), recorded by Chinese chroniclers as another name for the Boma people, with the genonym Huatsai / Hoatsai Khori-Buryat. The genonym Huatsay / Hoatsay as the name of one of the largest clans of the eastern group of the Buryats – the Khori- Buryats – has a similar meaning to the anthroponym KHASAEV, which was recorded in the census of the indigenous people of the Irkutsk province of Aginsky Steppe Duma for 1830 and is the personal name of the Buryats of the Huatsay clan. We compare the name KHASAEV (in the name of KHASA) in the Buryat census for 1830 with the Nenets Khasyo, but without excluding the possibility of comparing this historical anthroponym with the proper name of the Nenets – Khasava '1) male; khasava Ҋatseky boy'; hasava nu 'son.' Further analysis of this personal name KHASAEV made it possible to compare its meaning with the Nenets hasho '1. figurative man; 2. (with a capital) Hasyo (masculine proper name)', which suggests to us that the genonym Huatsai was formed from this name, which was once an eponym. The Samoyedic-speaking beginning (and some Ket-speaking tribes) is observed in the genonymy of the Khori-Buryats and Tungus of Gantimur in the Nerchinsk district of the 17th–19th centuries as the autochthonous population of the historical Dauria of the Russian period in the history of Eastern Transbaikalia. Based on the onomasiological approach, the method of conceptual metaphor as an effective method, coupled with the method of conceptual metonymy, was constructive and allowed to describe the pre-ethnonymic and self-ethnonymic meanings of historical onyms in the projection of nomadism, which have a self-descriptive (including Ket ) ethnolinguistic origin. Keywords: Boma, Pegaya Horde, Alakchin, Olkhonүүd of the Mongols, Chinese hetsy, genonym Huatsai / Hoatsai Hori-Buryat, revisionary narratives of 1830, piebald, Samoyedic-speaking tribes, “motley” | 1532 | |||||
| 536 | The article deals with participial temporal constructions with the meaning of simultaneity in the Kazym dialect of Northern Khanty. The richness and variety of the inventory of these constructions have been documented in a number of works. However, the existing descriptions do not clearly show their functioning and distribution. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the semantics of simultaneity constructions in more detail and to identify their characteristic features. Data for the study were collected during a field study in the village of Kazym in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, by asking native speakers to complete stimulus contexts, the first part of which consisted of a dependent clause of each construction with a varying predicate. The questionnaire was based on a sample of 50 verbs of different aspect classes. Five constructions were selected for the study: one casemarked participle (locative case) and four postpositional participial constructions with the postpositions pŏrajən, măr(ən), kŭtən, and saxət/sati/sa. The constructions were analyzed based on three aspectual parameters: Telicity, duration, and homogeneity of events. It was found that none of the constructions, with the exception of the locative construction, is compatible with telic background events. In this regard, the pŏrajən construction favors longterm background events, the kŭtən construction heterogeneous background events, the saxət/sati/sa construction short or medium-length background events and telic main events. A closer examination of the received contexts revealed that the pŏrajən construction is not semantically unspecified as described in the literature but expresses a specific meaning of simultaneity with an event that characterizes a period of time. The kŭtən construction, in turn, postulates a heterogeneous background through an initially heterogeneous event, while in combination with homogeneous events, it implies a deliberate interruption of the background event by the subject. The măr(ən) and kŭtən constructions have virtually no restrictions in combination with short-term events, but they are appropriate only in the case of “stretching” these events in time or simultaneity on a smaller scale. Keywords: Uralic languages, Khanty, semantics, aspect, taxis, participle, polypredication, simultaneity | 1526 | |||||
| 537 | This paper deals with the identification of the comparative features used for dendronyms in the structure of comparative tropes in modern Udmurt. Based on the analysis of linguistic material from the electronic corpus of the Udmurt language, the semantic meanings of stereotypical comparative images containing the “names of trees” were outlined, and stable semantic connotations of dendronyms were revealed. According to the study’s results, the lexeme badyar ‘maple’ has the broadest semantic meanings; overall, most tree names express single semantic connotations. When considering the semantic features of comparative tropes with dendronyms, the following groups of comparative features were found to form a significant part of the linguistic and conceptual picture of the world of the native Udmurt speaker: (a) Ideas about a person’s appearance, physique, growth and development, health, physical features: Тазалыкез тыпы кадь юн «His health is as strong as an oak tree»; Вож бадяр кадь мугорыз лабрес беризьлы укшаны ӧдъяз «His body, which resembled a green maple, became like a spreading linden tree»; b) Ideas about a person as a representative of society, as a bearer of social functions: Мар со лыктэм нылмурт бордад сирпу кадь лякиське? «Why does this guest girl stick to you like an elm tree?»; c) According to the analysis of the collected material, comparative constructions with dendronyms are rarely used to represent the idea of a person’s character and moral qualities. At the same time, other groups of phytonyms are much more common in this group of comparative constructions: Сямыз ӟег нянь но тӥни. Literal translation: «By nature, it is rye bread (type)»; Небӟем губи тон, Аркаш. Ас кышнодэ но кияд кутэмед уг луы «You’re like a rotten mushroom, Arkady (soft-hearted). You can’t even handle your wife». From the analysis of comparative tropes, which contain tree names in their structure, it can be concluded that this vocabulary group has an important axiological status, reflecting centuries-old life experiences and observations of the surrounding nature. Keywords: Udmurt language, comparative tropes, dendronyms, phytonyms, signs of comparison | 1523 | |||||
| 538 | This article deals with a linguistic and ethnographic analysis of the kinship and ritual terminology of the Tomsk Tatars. The Tomsk Tatars are the indigenous population of the Tomsk Ob region, which formed ethnolinguistic groups before the arrival of the Russian-speaking population. The Tomsk Tatars include Kalmaks, Eushtins, and Chats, the latter two groups being grouped in a subdialect – Eushta-Chat. The number of Tomsk Tatars in their traditional places of residence is about 3 thousand people. The article analyzes the data documented during the ethnolinguistic expeditions 2009–2019: Tomsk-Tatar terms divided into lexical-semantic groups in terms of ethnographic classification of family rites (maternity, marriage, burial) and description of family genealogy (terms of kinship). In the course of fieldwork, ethnic stories were recorded, and genealogical schemes were created to identify the family composition and determine family ties within the group and family ties between neighboring villages (responses to family ritual terminology were recorded in both Tatar and Russian). The vocabulary studied refers mainly to the Eushta-Chat subdialect (if so, there is no indication of its origin); if data on the Kalmak subdialect is available, information on their origin is provided. In addition, dialect data from published articles by A. P. Dulzon and R. K. Urazmanova are also given. When it is possible to determine the composition of word forms, a morphological marker is given, a literal translation is also provided, and lexical parallels with the literary Tatar language are copied from open lexicographic sources. The general conclusion of the article is that in the modern kinship and ritual terminology of the Tomsk-Tatar subdialects, there prevail units identical to the literary equivalents, often in a different phonetic form according to the laws of alternation of Turkic phonemes. A number of units do not find parallels with the literary Tatar language, and there are also vocabularies with unclear etymology. Most examples of genealogical terms are direct translations of descriptive terminology from Russian. Keywords: Tomsk Tatars, Tomsk-Tatar dialects, ritual terms, kinship terms | 1521 | |||||
| 539 | The article provides a review of the scientific literature devoted to the problem of etymology of the past tense forms -chykh/-chyk/-yuk, as well as an attempt to differentiate them with other forms identified by some researchers with the analyzed forms. There are two main points of view that are polemizing with each other. Besides, the author proposes own hypothesis based on existing views. It, i.e. the author’s hypothesis, is based on the material of the Khakass language, collected by the method of continuous sampling of texts from fiction, journalistic, and folklore literature. Comparing the semantics and some functions of Mongolian form -zhee, Qırghız one -chu, Yakut -aachchy, Tungus-Manchu -cha, and Khakass form -chykh, it is concluded that they are not identical to the latter and, respectively, to the forms -chyk/-chykh/-yuk of the Khakass, Tuvan, Tofalar, and Old Uighur languages. Special attention is paid to the combinations of the analyzed form -chykh with other indicative past tense affixes -gan, -dy, -tyr, -chan, -galakh, -(p)chatkhan. It is revealed that in the Khakass language there is the analytical construction -gan polchykh, in this regard the assumption of the contraction of auxiliary verb er- ‘to be’ in form -ganchykh -gan + er-chykh is doubtful. Sampling shows that in the Khakass language, form -chykh is most often used in narration, and is rarely found in direct speech. It is interesting that in the first case narration is performed from the third person. Cases of the use of this form in the first, second persons have not been found. As our language material has shown, form -chykh in the Khakass language has the property of combining with different parts of speech and changing the position in the structure of a verbal word form, likewise particle okh/ -yok is written together with a word form. This illustrates the thesis that form -chykh is an affirmative particle, once often used when describing past events and which began to take personal affixes over time. Keywords: Khakass language, Tuvan language, Tofalar language, Old Uighur language, Qırghız language, Yakut language, Mongolian language, Tungus-Manchu language, etymology, indicative, past tense, narration, particle | 1518 | |||||
| 540 | The most important principle of the communication culture of the Altaians is respect for a person’s age, which is determined based on the 12-year "animal" calendar. Ages located in time function as successive stages of a person's life and are the subject of this article. In introducing the source base (field and published ethnographic and folklore material) into the scientific cycle, methodological research tools based on a combination of a comparative historical analysis method and methods of describing and systematizing the collected material were used. The study's relevance lies in the fact that against the devaluation of traditional family values in the context of globalization, the experience of intergenerational relations among Altaians is of interest. It was found that Altaians use two or three age-counting systems in parallel – the 12-decimal system, the 10-decimal system, and the 20-decimal system. It is noticeable that in the Altaic language, the word “jash” is used to refer to the concept of “year” as a unit of age counting, as opposed to the year “jyl” as an astronomical phenomenon (a series of seasons). The views of the Altaians about the return of "their" year after 11 lived years are determined, as well as the reasons for the passing century, including six calendar cycles (72 years). Ritual behaviors observed in the year one was born under a particular animal are described, revering the animal under whose mark one was born. Age definitions and idioms are given so that the number of years lived is not mentioned, while number symbolism (an even number in relation to the world of the living), a stereotype of thinking in traditional Altaic culture, is observed. A comparison of the age characteristics of old people with inanimate and insignificant objects of everyday life (a crutch, a block of wood, a stirring rod, a mortar), but not with characteristics of animals (a dog, a squirrel, a wolf, a camel), which are peculiar to young animals, is emphasized. It is concluded that the age calendar periods in the life of a person represent the polar halves: at the age of 12, 24, 36, and 48 years, characterized by an increasing and progressive tendency, at the age of 60 and 72 years, associated with aging and declining line. In connection with the three festivals of life – birth, marriage, and death – a person's physical entry and social descent are manifested. Keywords: Altaians, traditional communicating culture, age, calendar, life stages, age counting, field material, direct observation method | 1518 | |||||
| 541 | This article describes the distribution of the nasal and stop consonants -m / -p, -n / -t, ŋ / -k in the auslaut independent and phonetically determined positions in the Southern, Central, and Northern dialects of the Selkup language. The Ivankino subdialect of the central Ob dialect is also distinguished as a transition zone between the southern and central areas. The study is carried out using corpus data based on written sources. In phonetically independent positions – in isolated use of word forms and before pauses (before dots and commas) - the distribution of homorganic nasal and stop consonants in the auslaut is meant as a dialect feature: Southern -m, -n, -ŋ; Central -p, -t, -k; Northern -m/-p (~Ø), -n/-t (~Ø), -ŋ/-k (~Ø); transition zone -m / -p, -n / -t, -ŋ / -k (depending on the speaker’s idiolect). In phonetically determined positions – continuous pronunciation that does not imply a pause in speech - the following distribution of consonants applies: Central: -p, -t, -k + noise consonant ~ -m, -n, -ŋ + sonorant consonant / -m, -n, -ŋ + vowel; Northern (based on the Taz dialect): -m, -n, -ŋ + vowel, -m, -n, -ŋ (~ Ø) + nasal consonant, -p, -t, -k (~ Ø) + noise consonant, -m / -p (~Ø), -n / -t (~Ø), -ŋ /-k (~Ø) + non-nasal sonorant consonant. In the Southern dialects, the rules of the phonetic environment do not work; the consonants -m, -n, -ŋ are always used. In the transitional Ivankino subdialect of the Middle Ob dialect, the distribution in contextual positions does not always work due to the Southern dialectal characteristics of the individual speakers. The combinatorial phenomena considered in the Selkup dialects represent a general trend rather than a strict rule. Keywords: homorganic consonants, auslaut, combinatorial phenomena, corpus data, Selkup language | 1518 | |||||
| 542 | The article deals with the markers expressing ablative semantics in Nanaic varieties, including several Nanai dialects (Naikhin, Dzhuen, Gorin, and Bikin), Ulcha, Uilta, and Kili (Kur-Urmi). The study compiled a list of contexts with ablative and closely related semantics and analyzed which grammatical element is used in each context in each language variety. The study draws on textual data from a variety of sources, including our own field recordings, archival texts, and published texts. The final dataset shows several clusters of language varieties, meanings, and ablative markers. There are three clusters of Nanaic varieties based on the attested ablative cases: Naikhin and Dzhuen Nanai, Gorin Nanai and Uilta, and a random cluster of Bikin Nanai and Ulcha. The Kili variant stands out from these. The observed ablative markers cluster according to the meaning groups they cover: proper ablative markers, the ablative/instrumental marker -ǯi, prolative case markers -ki and -kki, which cover a near-prolative subset of the ablative domain, and a broader locative/prolative marker -la, which combines nearprolative meanings and sources of information or transmission. The Nanaic varieties show three stable polysemy patterns: ablative core meanings, near-prolative meanings, and physical and metaphorical transfer. Finally, there are two clusters based on the distribution of markers within the ablative domain: The first cluster includes Naikhin Nanai, Dzhuen Nanai, Kili, and possibly Bikin Nanai, while the second cluster includes Uilta and Ulcha. Gorin Nanai stands apart. Keywords: Tungusic languages, Nanaic languages, Nanai, Ulcha, Uilta, Kili, ablative | 1516 | |||||
| 543 | This article presents preliminary generalized results of a study of osteological material from the villages of the Chiyalik culture of the Golden Horde period. The study of late medieval settlements will make it possible to determine the biodiversity of this region’s fauna and correctly assess the role of agriculture, animal husbandry, and hunting in the economy of the medieval population. The study of animal remains from monuments of the XIIIXVIII centuries is one of the most promising areas of archaeozoology. One of the most frequent finds in settlements is animal bones. However, the obligatory detailed archaeozoological analysis of bone remains has been carried out only recently, which has already made it possible to obtain initial but important and diverse information that complements the general understanding of the economic activities of the Golden Horde of the VolgaKama population. The proposed work summarizes materials from 12 villages of the Chiyalik culture, which are used: Gornovo, Yabalakly-1, 2 and 3, Podymalovo-1, New Yabalakly 1 and 2, Nizhnekhozyatovo-2 and 3, Mellyatamak VI, Chiyalik, Igimskaya site. The monuments are located in the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals, in the river basin. Belaya and its large tributaries Dema, Ik, etc. The article contains features of animal bone remains, an analysis of the ratio of age groups within the domestic species, and features of the dismemberment of carcasses. It is shown that the herd of the Chiyalik culture population is dominated by bone remains of domestic animals, among which cattle and horses predominate. The ratio of age groups of domestic ungulates indicates the use of cattle and horses for meat and milk production. Small cattle were kept for their meat and wool. A camel was found in the village of Yabalakly-1, which could indicate caravan trade. The presence of domestic chicken remains in the materials of the Yabalakly-1 settlement could indicate a fairly dense sedentarization of the population of the Chiyalic cultural traditions, which calls into question the thesis of their semi-nomadic way of life. The role of game and fish in the diet of the settlement’s population was insignificant. Keywords: Southern Urals, Late Middle Ages, Chiyalik culture, The Golden Horde, village, archaeozoology, herd structure | 1516 | |||||
| 544 | This study explores the use and transformation of chthonic images, specifically snakes and frogs, in the Old Believer tradition of the Russians in Gorny Altai. The research combines folklore materials, field observations, and written sources, which had not previously been represented in the academic sphere, and utilizes historical and ethnographic methods. Snake images are often associated with negative human qualities in various folklore genres, while frog images are associated with ugliness or slowness. These images appear in folk practices for avoiding snakes, treating snake bites and illnesses such as tonsillitis and back pain, and in riddles and handicrafts. The Christian content of these images is prevalent, but the perception of them varies among different local groups and individuals. It can range from seeing them as personifications of sin and posthumous punishment to viewing them as neutral creatures of nature. In the modern tradition of the Uimon Old Believers, the perception of chthonic images is milder than in the now extinct tradition of the Turochak Old Believers. This study represents the first time that the features of using chthonic images and their transformation in the Old Believer tradition have been analyzed and documented in such detail. Keywords: Russians, Gorny Altai, Old Believers, images of a serpent and a frog, traditional culture, folklore | 1510 | |||||
| 545 | The Khakas’ traditional way of life and economic activity was connected with horse breeding, which was given an important place. The daily life of the Khakas, the cattle breeders, was inextricably linked to the horse, on which practically their entire life depended – from daily housework to eating. This has contributed to the development of a whole complex of ideas about this domestic animal as the closest living creature to man in the traditional consciousness of the people. In the world view of the Khakas, the horse is not only perceived as an indispensable companion and faithful helper to humans but also as an equal partner in the ‘horse and human’ tandem. This article aims to characterize the concept of ‘horse and human’ in the traditional worldview of the Khakas. The time frame of the work is limited to the late XIX–XX century. The available sources on the research topic determine the choice of this time frame. Ethnographic and folkloristic materials served as the source basis. The study follows the principle of historicism, in which each cultural phenomenon is considered in its development and in the light of a specific historical situation. The research methodology uses historical and ethnographic methods: Remains (relics) and semantic analysis. According to the study results, the author concludes that the positive ideological concept of ‘horse and human’ was among the most important in the Khakas’ traditional culture. This, of course, testifies to the extremely important role that the horse played in the material and spiritual spheres of the life of these people. In the traditional consciousness of the Khakas, the image of this animal is very close to that of man; it is not only understood as a faithful friend and helper of its master but is also endowed with human qualities. The concept of ‘horse and human’ was elaborated in epic works and folk proverbs, sayings, and riddles. In the oral folk art of the Khakas, the images of ‘horse and human’ are inextricably linked. They complement each other and form a whole. In folklore, the ideas about a horse and its owner are manifested through a pictorial parallel. An associative-symbolic comparison is drawn between the behavior of humans and horses. It is noted that the image of this animal is strongly anthropomorphized and is often symbolically identified with humans. Keywords: Khakas, traditional culture, worldview, the concept of ‘horse and human,’ image, symbol, folklore, socio-normative attitudes | 1508 | |||||
| 546 | The monograph by E. A. Davydova examines power relations in the communities of Chukchi reindeer herders from the 19th to the middle of the 20th century. The author analyzes the power relations of the reindeer Chukchi in everyday life, family relations, ritual knowledge, and relations with the state. This is the first anthropological study that deals specifically with power relations among the Chukchi. The book's primary source is the unique diaries of the Soviet ethnographer Varvara Kuznetsova, who worked in the Leningrad branch of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the 1940s and 50s. The framework of the topic arose from the content of the diary entries, as their author held the lowest social position in the Chukchi community, and therefore power relations were involuntarily reflected in her diary entries. The success of the reviewed book was determined by a combination of several factors: a little-researched subject, unique field material by V. Kuznetsova, and a high level of analysis and interpretation by the book's author. E. A. Davydova based her study on the theoretical works of M. Foucault, E. Giddens, K. Wolfe, and other foreign and Russian scientists and on historical, ethnographic, and anthropological literature from the 19th to the 21st centuries. Due to the peculiarities of the key source, the author used micro-historical and biographical methods. The “signs” and well-known features of the Chukchi culture, such as “spousal companionship” (men concluded a friendship agreement among themselves, according to which each of them had the right to his friend's wife), hospitable hetarism, the custom of voluntary death, the custom of gender transformation, the use of hallucinogens and a number of others, the author managed to interpret them in the context of power relations and give them a new understanding. The book contains a lot of new, unique information about Chukchi ethnography in the field of household (use of space, food related to its consumption; leisure, domestic violence); social relations when kinship is considered as a resource and symbolic capital. A special chapter is devoted to Chukchi's relations with the state. Keywords: field diaries of Varvara Kuznetsova, MAE RAS archive, Chukchi ethnography, power, kinship, relations with the state | 1504 | |||||
| 547 | The article deals with the subset of indefinite pronouns which are often denoted in the literature as negative pronouns in six Finnic languages (Estonian, Finnish, North and Livvi Karelian, Seto and Veps). The data for the study comes from the translations of the Gospel texts into those languages. Negative pronouns are understood as such indefinite pronouns which are used primarily in the scope of negation and in some related contexts (downward-entailing or non-veridical). The distribution of negative pronouns in the text is described. It is shown that different types of negative pronouns are used in these languages. Finnish and North Karelian have a series of negative pronouns formed with the additive operator -kaan (-kana in North Karelian), which is used primarily in negative contexts. It is argued that these pronouns should be analyzed as strong Negative Polarity Items because they could occur in the contexts where an overt marker of negation is not present, such as the scope of adversative predicates, embedded clause of the negated matrix predicate or polar questions. Livvi Karelian and Veps employ pronouns with the prefix ni- borrowed from Russian. These pronouns behave like Negative Concord Items because they occur only in the presence of the clausemate sentential negation marker. Some differences in the distribution of these items are attested. Finally, Seto and Estonian do not have any special series of negative pronouns. Instead, the -gi pronouns, which have a very broad distribution, are used in these contexts. In Estonian, these can be modified by the marker of constituent negation mitte. Keywords: Finnic Languages, Indefinite Pronouns, Negative Polarity Items, Negative Concord Items | 1504 | |||||
| 548 | The intonation of Turkic languages has practically not been researched yet. In modern society, against the background of globalization and the leveling of national characteristics of ethnic groups, the problem of recording, studying, and preserving the cultural characteristics of minority peoples is exceptionally acute. This article is the first to examine the intonation of the Kumandin dialogic language. The Kumandin language belongs to the East Uyghur branch of the Turkic languages of the Altai language family, has no established written tradition, and functions only in oral form, accelerating its disappearance. The relevance of the study arises from the increasing interest in the problems of language communication, documentation, and analysis of data on endangered languages in Siberia. The analysis is based on field recordings using the Praat computer program. According to the results of the analysis of experimental data, interrogative statements in the Kumandin dialogic speech, which are the first replica in the structure of the dialog, are characterized by a higher level of the end of the melodic curve than in the affirmative statements. The response in the Kumandin language, which is in a relative relationship to the preceding interrogative component, is both a structurally communicative and intonationally concluding component of the entire dialogic unit. In incomplete statements, the intonation is clearer and brighter. The frequency level in the analyzed interrogative statements is between 106 and 257 Hz. One of the phenomena that claims the status of a linguistic universal in the field of intonation studies is the raising of the frequency of the main tone or pitch, which is used in most languages to distinguish between interrogative and affirmative intonation. Intonation functions in close interaction with the syntactic and lexico-grammatical means of the language: the more complete the dialogic statement, the weaker the intonational contrast, while a brighter, clearer intonation is observed in incomplete statements. The prospects for further research are to deepen the identified tendencies by expanding the body of research and to describe the general model of the intonational structure of certain questions as a result of comparing the intonational contours of statements with different question words. The intonation of the interrogative part in Kumandin’s dialogic speech is considered for the first time. The relevance of the study arises from the increasing interest in the problems of linguistic communication, documentation, and data analysis of the endangered languages of Siberia. The analysis is carried out based on field recordings using the Praat computer program. According to the results of the analysis of experimental data, interrogative statements, which are the first replica in the structure of the dialog, are characterized by an upward movement of the tone. Keywords: intonation, dialogic speech, minority peoples, the language of the Kumandins, Praat | 1504 | |||||
| 549 | This paper describes emotive-evaluative causative constructions of guilt and condemnation in the Buryat language. The relevance of the work arises from the modern integrated approach to the study of such functional and semantic categories as causativity, as well as from the increasing interest in the problems of the category of emotivity in linguistics. The relevance stems from the need to study emotions and their representation in language from the perspective of linguistics. The main goal of this work is to determine the emotive-evaluative potential in causative constructions with the meaning of guilt and condemnation in the Buryat language and to try to identify its national and cultural peculiarities. The novelty of the work arises from the fact that this problem has not been practically studied on the material of the Buryat language before. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work was formed by the works of domestic and foreign linguists: V. I. Shakhovsky, A. Vezhbitskaya, I. V. Trufanova, and K. Izard. The feeling of guilt is one of the basic emotions. Condemnation refers to the moral evaluation of certain phenomena of reality, actions, and behaviors of people. In Buryat’s causative constructions, one can notice a close connection between the semantics of guilt and condemnation. The material of the study consists of a solid sample of causative constructions contained in the electronic corpus of the Buryat language and data obtained by observing the speech of native speakers. As a result, it is found that causative constructions in the Buryat language have an emotive-evaluative potential. In order to express the feeling of guilt and related condemnation, the so-called constructions of “guilt of the causer” are used, in which the subject himself is guilty of what happened. The constructions of “fault of the causator” are quite specific; they show the peculiarities of the linguistic worldview in understanding causative relations. In the constructions of "guilt of the causer," the speaker often appears himself as the causer, and such constructions most vividly express the feeling of guilt, awareness of one's mistakes, and weakness. Keywords: Causativity, emotivity, emotions, evaluation, causative constructions, Buryat language | 1503 | |||||
| 550 | This article examines the articulatory-acoustic features of the vowel type [a] of the Karaidel dialect of the Bashkir language. The study's relevance arises from the fact that the phonetic system of the Bashkir language has so far been described mainly based on the researcher's observations and auditory perception. In this context, we are faced with the task of determining the characteristics of phonemes and their allophones with the help of modern recordings in WAV format and using new techniques and computer programs. The study aims to present a detailed analysis of the quality of the vowel type [a] in monosyllabic lexemes in anlaut and medial positions in the Karaidel dialect of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that, for the first time, the experimental acoustic method is used to describe the vowel phoneme [a]. The work is based on expedition recordings made by the author in 2022–2023 in the settlements of the Karaidel region in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The recording and decoding were carried out using a unique phonetic technique. The acoustic analysis was carried out using the Speech Analyzer 3.0.1 computer program. The description follows the methodology used in the Laboratory for Experimental Phonetic Research named after. V. M. Nadelyaev Institute of Philology SB RAS. In the main part of the article, an analysis of the vowel [a] in anlaut (VC) and inlaut (CVC) positions in such monosyllabic words as ay 'moon, month,' may 'butter, fat' and mal 'cattle' in the pronunciation of four informants are presented. Previous Bashkir researchers classified the variant of the phoneme [a] in these positions in Karaidel and other dialects of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language as labialized 'a°' or as 'o' with the element 'a'. According to our experimental phonetic studies, the vowel 'a' at the beginning of words and in the first closed syllables was recorded as a complex two-component sound 'oa,' called a dufon (by N.S. Urtegeshev), which consists of two elements: the first is a guttural-rounded type 'o', and the second is a gutturalunrounded type 'a'. Keywords: Bashkir language, Karaidel subdialect, two-component vowel sound, dufon, allophone | 1499 | |||||
Search by Author
