Causative Suffixes in Tatyshly Udmurt: How Native and Borrowed Morphemes Co-Exist

Belova Daria Dmitrievna

DOI: 10.23951/2307-6119-2024-1-9-19

Information About Author:

Belova Daria Dmitrievna, Technician. Research Computer Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University. Leninskie Gory, 1, p. 4, Moscow, Russia, 119234. Junior researcher. Institute of Linguistics of the RAS. Bolshoy Kislovsky lane, 1, bld. 1, Moscow, Russia, 125009. E-mail: dd.belova@yandex.ru

The paper deals with morphological causatives in the Tatyshly subdialect of the Udmurt language (Republic of Bashkortostan). Surrounded by the Turkic languages (Tatar and Bashkir), Tatyshly Udmurt developed a more complex system of causative markers than Standard Udmurt. It consists of two suffixes: -t, of Uralic origins, and a Turkic borrowing -ttə̑r absent in Standard Udmurt. In this article, the properties of the suffixes are reviewed regarding the morphosyntax and semantics of verbal forms. It is demonstrated that the two suffixes apply different restrictions on deriving stems. The main one is that -t but not -ttə̑r can serve as a verbalizer and be attached to nominal stems. Another crucial difference is that -ttə̑r can be interpreted as either a single or double causative, and -t does not. Meanwhile, the patterns of causee marking are the same for both Tatyshly and Standard Udmurt: the causee gets accusative regardless of the verb's argument structure, contrary to Comrie's hierarchy. The suffixes can express all range of typologically attested semantics (factitive, mediated, rogative) except for permissive. In addition to that, in some idiolects, -ttə̑r introduces the interpretation of intensification or deliberance, which is typical of double causatives. Given its morphosyntactic properties and evidence from other languages, I argue that it was a configuration of two causative morphemes in the early stages of borrowing, but it functions as a single morpheme on the synchronic level. Thus, the suffixes -t and -ttə̑r exhibit differences not only between each other but also in comparison to their counterparts in Standard Udmurt and Turkic.

Keywords: morphological causative, double causative, affix borrowing, dialectal morphology, Udmurt language, Turkic languages

References:

Baidoullina A. Tatyshlinskii govor udmurtskogo yazyka: fonetika i morfologiya [Tatyshly subdialect of the Udmurt language: phonetics and morphology]. MA dissertation. Tartu, 2003.

Bonch-Osmolovskaya А. А. Semantika aktantnykh derivatsii [Semantics of valency-changing alternations] // Misharskii dialekt tatarskogo yazyka. Ocherki po sintaksisu i semantike / Е.А. Lyutikova (ed.). Kazan: Magarif, 2007. P. 143–192.

Bradley J., Gulyás N. F., Czentnár A. Causatives in the languages of the Volga-Kama Region // STUF – Language Typology and Universals, 2022. Vol. 75. No. 1. P. 99–128.

Bulatova M. R. Tatarskie govory Baškortostana [Tatar subdialects of Bashkortostan]. Kazan: IYALI im. G. Ibragimova, 2021.

Comrie B. Language universals and linguistic typology: Syntax and morphology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981.

Dmitriev N. K. Grammatika bashkirskogo yazyka [Grammar of Bashkir]. М.: Nauka, 2008.

Dolovai D. A műveltetés és a műveltető szerkezetek // Uralisztika / I. Kozmács, K. Sipőcz (eds.). Budapest: Bölcsész Konzorcium, 2006. P. 147–165.

Grammatika sovremennogo udmurtskogo yazyka. Fonetika i morfologiya [Grammar of Contemporary Udmurt. Phonetics and morphology] / P. I. Perevoshchikov, V. M. Vakhrushev, V. I. Alatyrev (eds.). Izhevsk: Izhevskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1962.

Kel’makov V. K. Kratkii kurs udmurtskoi dialektologii: Vvedenie. Fonetika. Morfologiya. Dialektnye teksty [A short course in Udmurt dialectology. Phonetics. Morphology, Dialect texts]. Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1998.

Kharitonov L. N. Zalogovye formy glagola v yakutskom yazyke [Voice verbal forms in Yakut]. M. & L.: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk, 1963.

Kondrat’yeva N. V. Vozniknovenie formy zaloga v sovremennom udmurtskom yazyke [The emergence of the form of voice in contemporary Udmurt ] // Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. Istoriya i filologiya, 2009. Vol. 1. P. 73–86.

Kostina K. G. Tipy zalogovykh konstruktsiy udmurtskogo glagola [Types of voice constructions of the Udmurt verb]. Izhevsk, 2022.

Kulikov L. Causatives // Language Typology and Language Universals. An International Handbook / M. Haspelmath (ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter, 2001. Vol. 2. P. 886–898.

Kulikov L. Remarks on double causatives in Tuvan and other Turkic languages // Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne, 1999. Vol. 88. P. 49–58.

Kulikov L. The ‘second causative’: a typological sketch // Studies in Language Companion Series / B. Comrie, M. Po-linsky (eds.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1993. P. 121–154.

Lowe J. J., Birahimani A. H. The argument structure of Siraiki causatives // Proceedings of the LFG’19 Conference /M. Butt, T. Holloway King, I. Toivonen (eds.). Stanford: CSLI Publications, 2019. P. 191–211.

Lytkin V. I., Gulyaev E. S. Kratkii ehtimologicheskii slovar' komi yazyka [A short etymological dictionary of Komi]. M.: Nauka, 1970.

Lyutikova E., Tatevosov S. Causativization and event structure // Causation in Grammatical Structures / B. Copley, F. Martin (eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. P. 279–327.

Majtczak T. Proto-Turkic causative in *-g-? // Studies on the Turkic World. A Festschrift for Professor St. Stachowski on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday / E. Mańczak-Wohlfeld, B. Podolak (eds.). Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press, 2010. P. 59–67.

Mous M. The causative in Konso. Ms, 2004.

Nie Y. Turkish causatives are recursive: A response to Key 2013 // Linguistic Inquiry, 2022. P. 1–14.

Perekhval’skaya E. V. Kauzativnye konstruktsii v bashkirskom yazyke [Causative constructions in Bashkir] // Acta Linguistica Petropolitana, 2017. No. 13. P. 231–254.

Rochant N. Why does the Andi causative suffix agree in number? // Caucasian Languages: Typology and Diachrony, Russian Academy of Science in Moscow, Oct 2019. Conference talk. 2019.

Salyakhova Z. I. Formy kauzativa v bashkirskom yazyke [Causative forms in Bashkir] // Mir nauki, kul'tury, obrazovaniya, 2011. No. 5. P. 319–322.

Seifart F. Direct and indirect affix borrowing // Language, 2015. Vol. 91. No. 3. P. 511–532.

Struktura sobytiya i semantika glagola v karachaevo-balkarskom yazyke [Event structure and verbal semantics in Karachay-Balkar] / Е. А. Lyutikova et al. М.: IMLI RAN, 2006.

Symulov M. G. Sposoby vyrazheniya kauzativnykh otnoshenii v raznostrukturnykh yazykakh: Na materiale angliiskogo i chuvashskogo yazykov [Ways of expressing causative relations in structurally different languages: on the material of English and Chuvash]. Cheboksary, 2005.

Tánczos O. Causative Constructions and their syntactic analysis in the Udmurt Language. Ph.D. diss. Budapest, 2015.

Tarakanov I. V. Zaimstvovannaya leksika v udmurtskom yazyke [Borrowed vocabulary in Udmurt]. Izhevsk: Udmurtiya, 1982.

Tatevosov S. G. Zametki o fal'shivoi kauzativatsii [Notes on fake causativization] // Voprosy yazykoznaniya, 2018. No. 1. P. 7–44.

Yuldashev A. A. Sistema slovoobrazovaniya i spryazheniya glagolov v bashkirskom yazyke [System of word formation and verb inflection in Bashkir]. M.: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk, 1958.

( 588.54 kB ) ( 578.48 kB )

Issue: 1, 2024

Series of issue: Issue 1

Rubric: LINGUISTICS

Pages: 9 — 19

Downloads: 567