TO THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF THE PAST TENSE FORMS -CHYKH/-CHYK/-YUK AND THEIR DIFFERENTIATION WITH FORMS -ZHEE, -CHU, -AACHCHY, -CHA (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE KHAKASS LANGUAGE)
DOI: 10.23951/2307-6119-2022-2-34-46
The article provides a review of the scientific literature devoted to the problem of etymology of the past tense forms -chykh/-chyk/-yuk, as well as an attempt to differentiate them with other forms identified by some researchers with the analyzed forms. There are two main points of view that are polemizing with each other. Besides, the author proposes own hypothesis based on existing views. It, i.e. the author’s hypothesis, is based on the material of the Khakass language, collected by the method of continuous sampling of texts from fiction, journalistic, and folklore literature. Comparing the semantics and some functions of Mongolian form -zhee, Qırghız one -chu, Yakut -aachchy, Tungus-Manchu -cha, and Khakass form -chykh, it is concluded that they are not identical to the latter and, respectively, to the forms -chyk/-chykh/-yuk of the Khakass, Tuvan, Tofalar, and Old Uighur languages. Special attention is paid to the combinations of the analyzed form -chykh with other indicative past tense affixes -gan, -dy, -tyr, -chan, -galakh, -(p)chatkhan. It is revealed that in the Khakass language there is the analytical construction -gan polchykh, in this regard the assumption of the contraction of auxiliary verb er- ‘to be’ in form -ganchykh -gan + er-chykh is doubtful. Sampling shows that in the Khakass language, form -chykh is most often used in narration, and is rarely found in direct speech. It is interesting that in the first case narration is performed from the third person. Cases of the use of this form in the first, second persons have not been found. As our language material has shown, form -chykh in the Khakass language has the property of combining with different parts of speech and changing the position in the structure of a verbal word form, likewise particle okh/ -yok is written together with a word form. This illustrates the thesis that form -chykh is an affirmative particle, once often used when describing past events and which began to take personal affixes over time.
Keywords: Khakass language, Tuvan language, Tofalar language, Old Uighur language, Qırghız language, Yakut language, Mongolian language, Tungus-Manchu language, etymology, indicative, past tense, narration, particle
References:
Baskakov N. A. Forma glagola na -chykh || -chik ~ -chu || -chu v khakasskom, tuvinskom i kirgizskom yazykakh // Voprosy tyurkologii [The form of a verb with -chykh || -chik ~ -chu || -chu in the Khakass, Tuvan, and Qırghız languages // Questions of Turkology]. Tashkent: Publishing house “Nauka” of the Uzbek SSR, 1965. Pp. 5–10.
Baskakov N. A. Forma proshedshego vremeni glagola na -sukh ~ si v tyurkskikh yazykakh i eyo proiskhozhdenie // Sovetskaya tyurkologiya [The past tense form of a verb with -sukh ~ si in the Turkic languages and its origin // Soviet Turkology]. 1978. № 4. Pp. 3–8.
Baskakov N. A., Inkizhekova-Grekul A. I. Khakasskiy yazyk (Foneticheskaya struktura. Slovarnyy sostav i grammaticheskiy stroy) // Khakassko-russkiy slovar [The Khakass language (Phonetic structure. Vocabulary and grammatical structure) // Khakass-Russian dictionary]. Moscow: Glavizdat, State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, 1953. Pp. 359–487.
Bayyr-ool A. V. Otglagolnaya chastitsa yyyk v analiticheskikh konstruktsiyakh uslovno-soslagatelnoi semantiki v tuvinskom yazyke // Gumanitarnye nauki Sibiri [Verbal particle yyyk in analytical constructions of conditional subjunctive semantics in the Tuvan language // Humanities in Siberia]. 2009. № 4. Pp. 93–97.
Benzing J. Classification of the Turkic languages [I] // Philologiae Turicae Fundamenta. P. 1–5.
Borgoyakov M. I. Ob odnoy osobennosti sagayskogo dialekta khakasskogo yazyka // Uchyonye zapiski KhakNIIYALI. Vyp. VIII [On one feature of the Sagay dialect of the Khakass language // Scientific notes of KhRILLH. Issue VIII]. Abakan: Khakass Publishing House, 1960. Pp. 185–186.
Chebochakova I. M. O nekotorykh voprosakh struktury glagolnoy slovoformy v khakasskom yazyke // Nauchnoe obozrenie Sayano-Altaya [On some issues of the structure of the verbal word form in the Khakass language // Scientific Review of the Sayan-Altai]. 2014. № 2 (08). Pp. 48–53.
Dzhusupakmatov U. Proshedshee vremya na -chu / chyk / -chykh // Otnoshenie kirgizskogo yazyka k sibirskim tyurkskim yazykam (na materiale form proshedshego vremeni glagola) [The past tense of -chu / chyk / -chykh // Relation of the Qırghız language to the Siberian Turkic languages (based on the past tense forms of a verb)]. Frunze: Ilim, 1983. Pp. 97–115.
Filippov G. G. K voprosu ob otnoshenii yakutskikh prichastiy -aachchy i -a ilik k sibirskim tyurkskim yazykam // Vestn. Sev. (Arktich.) feder. un-ta. Ser.: Gumanit. i soc. nauki. [On the relation of the Yakut participles -aachchy and -a ilik to the Siberian Turkic languages // Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University Series: Humanities and social sciences]. 2019. № 3. Pp. 63–71. DOI: 10.17238/issn 2227-6564.2019.3.63
Gadzhieva N. Z. Problemy tyurkskoy arealnoy lingvistiki. Sredneaziatskiy areal [Problems of Turkic areal linguistics. Central Asian area]. Moscow: Nauka, 1975. 304 pp.
Gorelova L. M. Kategoriya vida v evenkiyskom yazyke [The species category in the Evenk language]. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 118 pp.
Grammatika khakasskogo yazyka [Grammar of the Khakass language]. Moscow: Nauka, 1975. 418 pp.
Iskhakov F. G., Palmbakh A. A. Proshedshee ritoricheskoe vremya na -chyk // Grammatika tuvinskogo yazyka. Fonetika i morfologiya [Past rhetorical tense with -chyk // Grammar of the Tuvan language. Phonetics and morphology]. Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature, 1961. Pp. 375–379.
Karpov V. G. Izyavitelnoe naklonenie glagola v sovremennom khakasskom yazyke [Indicative mood of a verb in the modern Khakass language]. Abakan: Publishing house of N. F. Katanov Khakass State University, 2014. 164 pp.
Karpov V. G. Semantika glagola pol- “byt”, ego morfologicheskie i sentaksicheskie funktsii v khakasskom yazyke // Issledovaniya po sovremennomu khakasskomu yazyku [Semantics of verb pol- “to be”, its morphological and syntactic functions in the Khakass language // Research on the modern Khakass language]. Abakan: [Khakassia], 1980. Pp. 63–74.
Karpov V. G. Slozhnye formy proshedshego vremeni glagolov khakasskogo yazyka // Uchyonye zapiski KhakNIIYALI. Vyp. XII [Complex forms of the past tense of verbs in the Khakass language // Scientific notes of KhRILLH. Issue XII]. Abakan: Krasnoyarsk Publishing House, Khakass Branch, 1966. Pp. 69–80.
Konstantinova O. A. Evenkiyskiy yazyk. Fonetika. Morfologiya [The Evenk language. Phonetics. Morphology]. Moscow, Leningrad: Nauka, 1964. 272 pp.
Konstantinova O. A., Lebedeva E. P. Evenkiyskiy yazyk: uchebnoe posobie dlya pedagogicheskikh uchilishch [The Evenk language: textbook for pedagogical colleges]. Moscow, Leningrad: State Educational and Pedagogical Publishing House of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1953. 332 pp.
Korkina E. I. Nakloneniya glagola v yakutskom yazyke [Verb moods in the Yakut language]. Moscow: Nauka, 1970. 308 pp.
Menges K. Das Sojonische und Karagassische // Philologicae Turcicae Fundamenta. T. 1. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1959. P. 640–670.
Meshadieva A. E. Drevnetyurkskie prichastnye formy i ikh ekvivalenty v sovremennykh tyurkskikh yazykakh // Yazyk i kultura: sbornik materialov XXIX Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii [Old Turkic participial forms and their equivalents in modern Turkic languages // Language and culture: proceedings of the 29th International Scientific and Practical Conference]. Novosibirsk: OOO “Center for the Development of Scientific Cooperation”, 2017. Pp. 117–125.
Mongush D. A. Proshedshee vremya na -chyk // Formy proshedshego vremeni izyavitelnogo nakloneniya v tuvinskom yazyke [The past tense with -chyk // Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood in the Tuvan language]. Kyzyl: Tuvan Publishing House, 1963. Pp. 130–145.
Nasilov D. M. Proshedshee vremya na -jük/-juq v drevneuygurskom yazyke i ego refleksy v sovremennykh yazykakh // Tyurkologicheskiy sbornik k shestidesyatiletiyu Andreya Nikolaevicha Kononova [The past tense with -jük/-juq in the Old Uighur language and its reflexes in modern languages // Turkological collection for the 60th anniversary of Andrey Nikolaevich Kononov]. Moscow: Nauka, the Main Editorial Office of Oriental literature, 1966. Pp. 92–104.
Oorzhak B. Ch. O forme proshedshego vremeni na =chyk v tuvinskom yazyke v sopostavlenii s khakasskoy formoy na =chykh // Nauchnoe obozrenie Sayano-Altaya [On the form of the past tense with =chyk in the Tuvan language in comparison with the Khakass form with =chykh // Scientific Review of the Sayan-Altai]. 2020. № 3 (27). Pp. 27–30.
Oorzhak B. Ch. Vremennaya Sistema tuvinskogo yazyka [The tense system of the Tuvan language]. Moscow: Languages of Slavic culture, 2014. 184 pp.
Oruzbaeva B. O. Formy proshedshego vremeni v kirgizskom yazyke [Forms of the past tense in the Qırghız language]. Frunze: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz SSR, 1955. 62 pp.
Pritsak O. Das Abakan- und Čulymtürkische und das Schorische // Philologicae Turcicae Fundamenta. T. 1. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1959. P. 598–640.
Rassadin V. I. Morfologiya tofalarskogo yazyka v sravnitelnom osveshchenii [Morphology of the Tofalar language in comparative review]. Moscow: Nauka, 1978. 288 pp.
Serebrennikov B. A. Iz istorii zvukov i form tyurkskikh yazykov (o cheredovanii nachalnykh b i m) // Sovetskaya tyurkologiya [From the history of sounds and forms of the Turkic languages (on the alternation of initial b and m) // Soviet Turkology]. 1974. № 6. Pp. 3–17.
Shcherbak A. M. Ocherki po sravnitelnoy morfologii tyurkskikh yazykov (Glagol) [Essays on the comparative morphology of the Turkic languages (Verb)]. Leningrad: Nauka, Leningrad Branch, 1981. 184 pp.
Shirobokova N. N. Dannye morfologii v izuchenii istorii tyurkskikh yazykov Sibiri // Yazyki korennykh narodov Sibiri: sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Vyp. 5. [Data of morphology in the study of the history of the Turkic languages of Siberia // Languages of the indigenous peoples of Siberia: collection of scientific papers. Issue 5]. Novosibirsk: Siberian Chronograph, 1999. Pp. 125–151.
Shirobokova N. N. Otnoshenie yakutskogo yazyka k tyurkskim yazykam Yuzhnoy Sibiri [Relation of the Yakut language to the Turkic languages of South Siberia]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2005. 269 pp.
Sunik O. P. Glagol v tunguso-manchzhyrskikh yazykakh. Morfologicheskaya struktura i Sistema form glagolnogo slova [Verb in the Tungus-Manchu languages. The morphological structure and the system of verbal word forms]. Moscow, Leningrad: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1962. 364 pp.
Tatarintsev B. I. Etimologicheskiy slovar tuvinskogo yazyka [Etymological dictionary of the Tuvan language]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2002. 388 pp. (Vol. II: D, YO, I, Y).
Telitsyn N. N. K voprosu o razgranichenii prichastiy v drevneuygurskom yazyke // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Vostokovedenie i afrikanistika [On the question of the differentiation of participles in the Old Uighur language // Bulletin of the St. Petersburg University. Oriental and African studies]. 2012. № 1. Pp. 27–38.
Ubryatova E. I. Issledovaiya po sintaksisu yakutskogo yazyka [Research on the syntax of the Yakut language]. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1976. Part 2., Book 1. 214 pp.
Ubryatova E. I. Istoricheskaya grammatika yakutskogo yazyka: uchebnoe posobie [Historical grammar of the Yakut language: textbook]. Yakutsk: Publishing House of the Yakut State University, 1985. 60 pp.
Ubryatova E. I. Sledy drevnikh tyurkskogo, uygurskogo i kirgizskogo yazykov v sovremennykh yazykakh Sibiri // Izbrannye Trudy. Issledovaniya po tyurkskim yazykam [Traces of Old Turkic, Uighur, and Qırghız languages in modern languages of Siberia // Selected works. Research on the Turkic languages]. Novosibirsk: RIC NSU, 2011. Pp. 58–67.
Vasilevich G. M. Ocherk grammatiki evenkiyskogo (tungusskogo) yazyka: posobie dlya prepodavateley evenkiyskogo (tungusskogo) yazyka [Essay on the grammar of the Evenk (Tungus) language: teacher’s manual of the Evenk (Tungus) language]. Leningrad: State Educational and Pedagogical Publishing House of the People’s Commissariat of the RSFSR, Leningrad Branch, 1940. 132 pp.
Issue: 2, 2022
Series of issue: Issue 2
Rubric: LINGUISTICS
Pages: 34 — 46
Downloads: 454