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| 1 | The article presents the analysis of the semantic structure of the imperative of the 2nd person singular (“you”) in the Tuvan language, which is put the semantic feature at the degree of down-toning, degree of controllability, the time setting of causable action. The basis for motivation of speaker to perform an action is, maybe, in his point of view, the necessity (debitive) and the possibility of performing downtoning action put into the addressee by the speaker. Various combinations of the semantic features and the character of the relationship between the participants of the speech act and the features of social subordination determine the whole semantic structure of the imperative of the 2nd person singular. Such personal meanings of the imperative as an order, request, instruction, suggestion, permission, advice, consent and permission are formed in the article. Keywords: imperative, 2nd person singular, causation, order, request, instruction, suggestion, permission, advice, consent, permission, the degree of down-toning, degree of controllability, the time setting, the modality meanings | 1243 | ||||
| 2 | This article contains information about the first experience in the development of an electronic database of Tuvan lexemes within the framework of the project "Creation of a database of the Tuvan lexical Fund" (RGNF / RFBR No. 16-04-1220, 2016-2017). The created databases contain the main body of full lexemes (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, pronouns), distributed by semantic classes, subclasses, groups, subgroups, and microgroups. Systematized database of lexicon will be used for further work on semantic markup of electronic texts corpus of the Tuvan language, compiling various types of dictionaries for Tuvan language. Databases will be used to compile different types of dictionaries. Creation of electronic databases is performed using the Access2010 database management system. Texts in the Tuvan language will be processed using the C ++ object-oriented programming system. These systems support Unicode encoding, in which all texts in Tuvan are digitized. Computer programs will be created both for computers with the Windows operating system, and for mobile devices with the Android operating system. Currently, the search is performed in the program Ехсе1. Information on the creation of databases for the project is available on the Internet on the page of the Electronic Corpus of Tuvan Language Texts http://tuvancorpus.ru/?q=content/bazy-dannyh. Keywords: Tuvan language, database, lexicon, lexical-semantic categories, lexical-semantic classes, lexical-semantic subclasses, lexical compatibility | 1082 | ||||
| 3 | The article offers a lexical analysis of the Tuvan names of tortures known in Tuvan history as тос эрии ‘nine tortures.’ Тос эрии refers to the period of Manchu Chinese rule, the time of the Qin dynasty in Tuva and Mongolia (XVIII to early XX century). However, their rule in Tuva was exercised by local rulers, who, in turn, were subordinate to the Mongols. Historical data indicate that the Chinese administration ruled Mongolia and Tuva according to a specially created document, “The Code of the Chinese Chamber of Foreign Relations.” According to the norms contained in it, about 40 types of torture were developed for investigative measures. Of these, nine were applied in Tuva and Mongolia. Hence, the Tuvan and Mongolian names for torture – tuv. тос эрии / эрээ and mong. есөн эрүү ‘nine tortures’. The article shows for the first time the structural and semantic features of the semantics of the names of the ‘nine tortures’ in the Tuvan language compared with the Mongolian language. The Tuvan and Mongolian sources show that there are certain discrepancies in listing the types of torture in different works. The analysis of the material allowed us to identify seven matches in the names of the ‘nine tortures.’ In the three cases described, there are complete structural and semantic correspondences in the names – tuv. шаагайтаары / mong. шаахайдах ‘to strike the Shaagai in the face,’ 2) tuv. маңзылаары / mong. банздах or чавчирга ‘to hit the hips with a board,’ 3) tuv. кулузуннар кадаары / mong. хулсан хадаас ‘to drive a sharp thin splinter under the nails.’ In these cases, we are dealing with direct borrowings from the Mongolian language. The other four parallels are semantic equivalents in which the same type of torture is denoted in Tuvan and Mongolian with different lexical means: in Tuvan, mainly with descriptive phrases, in Mongolian with special lexemes (tuv. ооргага хаг кыпсыры ‘to light tinder on the back’ / mong. төөнүүр ‘to light the tinder on the back,’ tuv. хаак-биле кагар / mong. туйван ‘to beat with thin branches of a willow or other tree,’ tuv. ийи холунуң улуг-эргээнден азар / mong. дүүжин ‘to hang by the thumbs,’ tuv. саактаары / mong. хавчуур ‘squeeze the shins of men and the hands of women with a vice’). A linguistic study of the ‘nine tortures’ names has shown a clear Mongolian influence. This group’s Tuvan vocabulary arose through direct borrowings from the Mongolian language and through the descriptive transfer of the meanings of Mongolian lexemes. The latter could indicate a relatively lower prevalence (or frequency of use) of types of torture. The comparative method, the component analysis method, and the descriptive method were used in the study. Data from Tuvan and Mongolian dictionaries, scholarly works on Tuvan history, ethnography, and legal history, as well as works by Mongolian researchers who have studied the Mongolian есөн эрүү ‘nine tortures’ from a historical perspective, were used as research material. The illustrative material was taken from works of Tuvan fiction and ethnographic descriptions Keywords: тувинский язык, монгольский язык, тос эрии/эрээ, есөн эрүү ‘букв. девять пыток’, заимствование, структурные и семантические признаки | 156 | ||||